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ZOOLOGY 300 > Week 8 > Flashcards

Week 8 Flashcards

1
Q

The lophophorates

A

Benthic, suspension feeders

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2
Q

Lophophorate phyla

A

Phoronida, Bryozoa, Brachiopoda

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3
Q

Spiralia

A

-Largest clade in protostomes
-Also called lophotrochozoa

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4
Q

Protostomes

A

Include three major clades, the largest being spiralia

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5
Q

Lophophore

A
  • Crown of tentacles with a coelomic lumen
  • Used for suspension feeding
  • Food grooves pass trapped particles from tentacles to mouth opening
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6
Q

Phylum Phoronida

A
  • Triploblastic
  • Coelomate
  • Bilaterally symmetrical
  • Unsegmented
  • Has lophophore
  • U-shaped gut
  • Closed circulatory system (anoxic environment, runs through tentacles)
  • Nervous system is diffuse
  • Metanephridia
  • Radial cleavage
  • Blastopore forms mouth (protostomy)
  • Marine, benthic tube dwellers
    -Sessile or colonial
    -Actinotroch larva (free swimming, metamorphosis)
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7
Q

Phylum Bryozoa

A
  • Triploblastic
    -Coelomate
    -Bilaterally symmetrical
  • Unsegmented
  • Lophophore
  • U- shaped gut with anus outside lophophore
  • Circulatory and respiratory structures present
  • Colonies, asexual budding, zooids
  • Radial cleavage; mixed or indirect development
  • Blastopore does not form mouth
    -Sessile, marine or freshwater
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8
Q

Bryozoa zooids

A

-Zooids bear tubular tissue cord, funiculus

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9
Q

Zoecium

A
  • In Bryozoans, may be chitonous, gelatinous, or calcareous
  • A retractor muscle enables zooid to take shelter in zoecium
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10
Q

Bryozoan muscles

A
  • Three sets of muscles operate the lophophore
    1. Atrial sphincter
    2. Retractor muscles
    3. Atrial dilator muscles
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11
Q

Polymorphic zooids in colony

A

Autozooids and Heterozooids

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12
Q

Autozooids

A

Typical zooids bearing the lophophore

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13
Q

Heterozooids

A

Atypical zooids: Kenozooids, Avicularia, and Vibraculum

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14
Q

Kenozooids

A

Reduced individuals for attachment

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15
Q

Avicularia

A

Operculum modified to form a jaw for defense

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16
Q

Vibraculum

A

Flagellum-like operculum

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17
Q

Bryozoan larvae

A

The cyphonautes larva (unique to bryozoans)

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18
Q

Bryozoan reproduction

A
  • The free living cyphonautes larva metamorphoses into ancestrula
  • Asexual reproduction gives rise to daughter zooids, which continues to divide and form a colony
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19
Q

Phylum Brachiopoda (lamp shells)

A
  • Triploblastic
  • Coelomate
  • Bilaterally symmetrical
  • Unsegmented
  • Body enclosed between two valves or shells (dorsal and ventral)
  • Usually attached to substratum by pedicel or stalk
  • Lophophore
  • U-shaped gut, anus present or absent
  • Metanephridia
  • Circulatory is open
  • Radial cleavage
  • Blastopore closes; both mouth and anus form secondarily
  • Sessile, marine, solitary
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20
Q

Brachiopods vs bivalves

A
  • Bivalves have a dorsal ligament; brachiopods do not
  • Brachiopods have lophophore
  • Brachiopods have a U-shaped gut (or a blind gut)
  • Plane of symmetry
21
Q

Articulate Brachiopods

A
  • Articulate brachiopods have pedicles (for attachment to substrate) that enter the hinged valves through a space in the larger, ventral valve
  • Articulate brachiopods also have a pair of diductor muscles for opening the valves
  • The pedicle lacks muscles and coelum
22
Q

Inarticulate Brachiopods

A
  • Inarticulate brachiopods lack a hinge; the valves are held together by muscles only
  • Inarticulate brachiopods have a pedicle connected to both valves (does not enter shell)
  • The pedicle is muscular and has coelomic cavity
23
Q

Brachiopods larva

A

Lobate larva

24
Q

Timeline of Brachiopoda

A
  • Less than 500 species but more than 12,000 described fossil species
    -Major reef builders of the Paleozoic; replaced by bivalves after the end-Permain mass extinction
25
Q

Index fossils

A

define major geological periods

26
Q

Sepkoski curve

A

a tabulation of fossil diversity over time

27
Q

turbulent history for life in phanerozoic

A

Assemblages of biota have changed over time in composition, not just species richness

28
Q

Dated phylogeny

A
  • Branches represent living lineages all line up at the present
29
Q

Log-lineage through time plot

A
  • Visualization of how lineages diversify over time
  • If we take the log2 of the number of lineages at each branching point in the tree
  • The slope of the log-lineage through time plot is a measure of net diversification rate of a lineage
30
Q

Net diversification rate

A
  • difference is speciation rate (b) and extinction rate (d)
  • slope = b - d
31
Q

Slopes of different taxa (log-lineage through time plots)

A
  • The slopes of different taxa can help understand why some lineages are more diverse than others
  • More diversity from older lineages (not because it is diversifying faster)
  • mass extinctions leave marked signatures on the shape of phylogenies
32
Q

Adaptive radiation

A

Rapid increase and then levels off in log-lineage through time plot

33
Q

Mass extinction

A

Anti-sigmoid curve in log-lineage through time plots

34
Q

Entoprocta (=Kamptozoa)

A
  • Triploblastic
  • Bilaterally symmetrical
  • unsegmented
  • acoelomate
  • Hermaphroditic or protandric
  • sessile with zooids on stalks
  • solitary or colonial
  • visceral mass housed within a cup-shaped calyx
  • zooids bear a ring of tentacles that enclose mouth and anus (anal cone)
  • Complete gut and U-shaped
  • Protonephridia
  • Spiral cleavage results in coeloblastula, which gastrulates by invagination
  • lack a brain
35
Q

Cycliophora

A
  • Triploblastic
  • Acoelomate
  • Bilaterally symmetrical
  • Unsegmented
  • Body divided (buccal funnel, oval trunk, posterior adhesive disc)
  • Suspension feeding using ciliary motion
  • U-shaped through gut (females only)
  • Dwarf males lack buccal funnel and U-shaped gut
  • Cerebral ganglion lies dorsal to esophagus (females only)
  • Found on the mouthparts of lobsters
  • Only two described species
36
Q

Cycliophora larva

A

Two larval types: choroid and pandora larva

37
Q

Relationships between populations

A

Not hierarchical (can’t use a phylogenetic tree to depict them)

38
Q

Inferring relationships within species

A

Need fast evolving genes that can capture the signature of divergences between populations

39
Q

Haplotype

A

Unique sequence for a locus (gene) in a population

40
Q

SNP

A

Single nucleotide polymorphism (a site that is variable in the alignment)

41
Q

Haplotype Networks

A
  • Count number of differences between each pair of sequences
  • Construct matrix of these differences
  • Construct most parsimonious network connecting haplotypes
  • Each circle is a haplotype or unique sequence
  • size of a circle indicates number of specimens that share that sequence
  • Lines connecting circles indicate distances between haplotypes
  • can reveal to biogeographic breaks (barriers to gene flow)
42
Q

Fst

A
  • fixation index: measures ratio of total genetic variation in a subpopulation to the total genetic variation in the whole set of populations
43
Q

Fst=0

A
  • Little to no structure in a population (lots of gene flow)
  • Panmixia (no barriers to gene flow between populations)
44
Q

Fst=1

A

Lot of structure in a population

45
Q

Tajima’s D

A

A standardized measure of the total number of segregating sites (polymorphic sites in the DNA alignment) in your sequence alignment versus the average number of mutations between pairs in the sample

46
Q

D=0

A

The population is evolving neutrally (due to mutation and drift). There is no evidence of selection or demographic change

47
Q

D<0

A

There is an excess of rare haplotypes. This is caused by either a recent population expansion after a recent bottleneck or by a recent selective sweep (where an advantageous allele is quickly fixed in the population)

48
Q

D>0

A

There is a scarcity of rare haplotypes. This may be caused by either a recent population contraction or by balancing selection against new alleles

ZOOLOGY 300 (5 decks)

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