WEEK 8 Flashcards
what is demography?
The scientific study of human populations primarily with respect to their size, structure and development
what are the uses of population health data
to gauge trends
priority setting planning, legislation, and budgeting
serve information needs
policy and program monitoring and evaluation
international sharing
health impact assessment
how do we gauge trends
Follow population health patterns in relation to changes in the economy, the environment, and demographics; recognize health issues and identify the social characteristics and geographic areas in which they occur
how do we use health data for planning, legislation and budgeting
Identify types and distribution of health problems to anticipate future needs and set public health priorities and budgets; collect data for planners and legislators including the number of people who must be reached their characteristics and location
how do we use health data to serve information
Produce statistics for education campaigns and for presentation to voters, workers, schoolchildren, experts, and officials; and guide health-related programs and activities in other sectors
how do we use health data for policy and program monitoring
Monitor progress and assess policies and programs, including their impact on particular social groups, and reconfigure them if necessary
how do we use health data for international sharing, comparison, and reporting
Carry out surveillance (ongoing data collection, analysis and reporting) of public health emergencies; monitor and report health statistics to global health agencies
what is the health impact assessment
Assess the health implications of a range of decisions in order to inform policy making
why can health data not determine on their own, the policies that affect health
Once data are collected and analyzed, they enter into political and institutional decision making processes as one of a variety of factors to be considered
why can health data no give causal explanations
Mortality and morbidity data alone do not provide causal pathways, nor do they explain how and why health and disease rates follow particular patterns
what is population data
the number of people in a population, who comprise the population at risk for disease, disability, and death. Important characteristics include the age structure of the population, its sex/gender composition, and the distribution of such social characteristics as occupation, race/ethnicity, nativity, social class, religon, and geographic location
what is vital statistics
live births; death by sex/gender, age and cause; and marriages. In some countries, migration, adoptions, divorce, and other categories are also recorded by vital statistics agencies
what is morbidity statistics
morbidity by type, severity, and outcome (e.g., illness, injury, physical or mental disability), including data on notifiable diseases (whose reporting is mandated by law) and data obtained from registries for cancer and other diseases
what is health services statistics
Numbers and types of facilities and services available; distribution, qualifications, and functions of personnel; nature of services, diagnostic and treatment modalities and their utilization rates; hospital and health center operations; organization of government and private health care systems; costs, payment mechanisms, and related information
what is data on social determinants of health inequities
societal factors that lead to inequities in health – rates of absolute and relative poverty, levels of education, and occupational exposures, among others; population groups categorized by social class, race/ethnicity, nativity, religion, location, and sex/gender in order to identify how equally or unequally health (and health care services) are distributed in a population
what are the challenges in collecting and using health data
Reluctance to admit failures, deliberately hiding data, intentionally misreporting – fear of harming economies, political loss/gain
Large scale political and economic debates and conflicts of interests
distribution of power and resources
what are the essential factors of the census
Individual enumeration
Defined periodicity
Universality within a defined territory
Simultaneity
what are the challenges and limitations of the census
Complexity, costs, - preparation, training
Political pressure
war/conflicts
errors/miscounts
Mistrust in government
Confidentiality
Language
Resistance
Classification challenges (e.g. age, race/ethnicity)
what is the equation for population growth
population (t) + (births - deaths) + (in - out migrants)
what is vital statistics
Civil registration of major life events (births, adoptions, deaths, marriage, divorce)
when did we reach the first billion people
1800
population increased continually until when
the 1400’s because of the plague
what is the possible population peak
9 billion
what are the three factors behind population growth
Fertility
Infant mortality
Longevity
how did the industrial revolution affect population growth
increased because of Growth of cities and infrastructure (water, energy, transportation), Increased productivity, Sanitation, and Medicine
what is exponential growth in relation to population
Occurs when there is unlimited resources
Causes a population to increase in size rapidly
J-shaped curve
Biotic potential, the ideal conditions (no limiting factor)
what is logistic growth in relation to the population
Occurs when there are limited resources
Causes a population to grow and then stabilize at specific carrying capacity
S-shaped curve
Limiting factors control population size
what is the first stage of demographic transition
preindustrial society - high and unstable birth and death rates, population growth, rate slow, importance of children, low life expectancy
what is the second stage of demographic transition
early industrial society - high birth rates, falling death rate, high population growth
what is the third stage of demographic transition
late industrial society - low death rate, falling birth rate, high population growth
what is the fourth stage of demographic transition
post industrial society - low birth and death rates, low population growth
what are the three driving forces of demographic transition
Births (fertility)
Deaths (mortality)
Growth (natural growth)
what is demographic transition
the change of patterns from high fertility and high mortality to patterns of low fertility and low mortality over time.
who is Thomas Robert Malthus
British demographer and political economist
what did Thomas Robert Malthus predict?
that the global population would steeply rise after the industrial revolution. he predicted that Human populations would continue to grow geometrically
Food production would grow arithmetically, due to diminishing marginal returns (or less than arithmetically)
what did Thomas Robert Malthus fail to predict
Impact of industrial revolution on food production
The opening of new lands (like North and South America)
Declines in fertility rates
what is neo-malthusians
Those who are concerned that population growth will increase environmental degradation to a degree that is not sustainable with the potential of ecological collapse
what is carrying capacity in relation to population growth
The number of individuals of a species that an ecosystem can support
what are the two types of limiting factors
biotic and abiotic
what is biotic
Living component of an ecosystem; for example organisms, such as plants and animals
All living things
what is abiotic
Non-living chemical and physical factors in the environment which affect ecosystems
Water, light, wind, soil, humidity, minerals, gasses
what are the two population density factors
density independent and density dependent
what is density independent
impacts population size regardless of the population’s density
what is density dependent
When population growth rates are regulated by the density of a population
what is the population equation
I=PAT
what is IPAT
equation describing the multiplicative contribution of population, affluence, technology, to environmental impact
what does I stand for in IPAT
environmental impact and it refers to resource depletion or waster accumulation
what does P stand for in IPAT
population and it refers to the size of the human population
what does A stand for in IPAT
affluence (economic product or consumption per person) and it refers to the level of consumption by that population
what does T stand for in IPAT
technology and it refers to the processes used to obtain resources and transform them into useful goods and wastes
what are the limitations of IPAT
IPAT applications have been limited to evaluation of a single variable measure of environmental impact, such as air pollution
what are the eight goals of the Millennium declaration
Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
Achieve universal primary education
Promote gender equality and empower women
Reduce child mortality
Improve maternal health
Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria, and other disease
Ensure environmental sustainability
Global partnership for development
what is SDGs
sustainable development goals, used to replace millennium development goals
what are the 17 SDGs
No poverty
Zero hunger
Good health and well being
Quality education
Gender equality
Clean water and sanitation
Affordable and clean energy
Decent work and economic growth
Industry, innovation and infrastructure
Required inequalities
Sustainable cities and communities
Responsible consumption and production
Cimaye action
Life below water
Life on land
Peace, justice, and strong institutions
Partnerships for the goals
what was Joel Cohen’s solutions to population growth
Comprehensive education at primary, secondary, and tertiary levels
Preventing unintended pregnancies
Opening markets to small farmers and extending credit to women
Eliminating subsidies in rich countries that hurt poor people
Using farmland for farms and not cities
Promoting health and nutrition for all
Limiting the use of chemical to those that are the least harmful to the environment
Funding more agricultural research to use crops as food, not fuel
