Week 7-Week 9 Flashcards
1
Q
Inflammation of the mucous membranes of the throat
sore throat
A
Pharyngitis
2
Q
Inflammation of the mucous membrane of larnyx.
Affects the ability to speak
A
Laryngitis
3
Q
Inflammation of tonsils (normally with the same bacteria that cause laryngitis)
A
Tonsillitis
4
Q
When nasal sinuses become infected (heavy nasal discharge of mucous)
A
Sinusitis
5
Q
Inflammation of epiglot - (a flap-like structure that prevents ingested materials entering the larynx)
A
Epiglottitis
6
Q
Erythrogenic (reddening) toxin of S.pyogenes causes what disease?
A
Scarlet fever
7
Q
The only reservoir for scarlet fever is _________
A
human
8
Q
What antibiotics would you use to treat Corynebacterium diphtheriae?
A
penicillin or erythromycin in conjunction with
antitoxin.
9
Q
Bacteroides, Fusubacteria and spirochetes (depth of
gingival cervices, tonsillar crypts) are examples of Aerobic or anaerobic organisms?
A
Anaerobic organisms
10
Q
Streptococci spp. (adhere to buccal and tongue mucosa; S. mutans adhere to teeth). Neisseria meningitidis, Branhamella catarrhalis are examples to what type of organisms?
A
Facultative organisms
11
Q
There are >300 types of microorganisms on and around teeth.
T-F
A
T
12
Q
There is almost no bacteria on clean teeth. A thin film of ______ from saliva initiates adherence.
A
protein
13
Q
On teeth fructose is broken down into , ______ _____ that breaks enamel if not diluted
by ________.
A
lactic acid, saliva
14
Q
On teeth acid formed by ________ attacks enamel.
A
bacteria
15
Q
Digestion of a preformed bacterial toxin is called.
A
Intoxication
16
Q
GI Infection and Intoxication both cause what symptoms?
A
diarrhoea, abdominal cramp, nausea, and vomiting.
17
Q
Disease of the digestive system that causes severe diarrhoea associated with blood and mucous
A
Dysentery
18
Q
Disease of the digestive system that causes Inflammation of the stomach and mucosa.
A
Gastroenteritis
19
Q
Shigellosis (Bacillary Dysentery) in the lining of the intestinal tract enters via the _______ _______
A
Epithelial cell
20
Q
Shigella Produce what two types of shiga-toxin
A
(ST-1 and 2),
also known as
verotoxin (VT1 and 2)
21
Q
What are the 3 serotypes of salmonella gastroenteritis
A
S. typhi (typhoid fever), S. cholerasuis,
S. enteritis (>2000 serotypes or serovars)
22
Q
In salmonella ID50 =
A
1000 bacteria
23
Q
Typhoid fever is caused by what bacteria
A
Salmonella (s.typhi)
24
Q
Vibrios are what shape and how many polar flagellum do they have each?
A
curved, one
25
Vibrios has what route into the body?
Faecal-oral route
26
Inaba, Ogawa and Hikojima are serotypes of what bacterium?
Vibrios
27
Enterotoxigenic E.coli have what 2 types of toxins
Heat-labile toxin (LT), Heat-stable toxin (ST)
28
Enterohaemorrahgic E.coli outbreaks are associated with ____________
undercooked hamburger meat
29
Enteroinvasive E.coli is an invasive bacteria, with the same pathogenic mechanism as _________
Shigella
30
Infection of this results in ulceration of the stomach wall and may lead to stomach cancer
Helicobacter pylori
31
Enteroaggregative E.coli adheres to _________
enterocytes
32
Microaerophylic, spirally curved bacteria, Healthy carrier cow may excrete in milk
Campylobacter
33
This bacteria is non-mobile, non-spore forming bacteria. Invasive, also producing enterotoxin, and exotoxin. Transmitted in meat and milk
Yersinia
34
This bacteria is difficult to isolate from faecal samples
✓ Acute mesenteric lymphadenitis, Septicaemia
✓ Produces beta-lactamase (resistant to penicillins and
cephalosporins)
Yersinia enterocolitica
35
```
Causes food-poisoning
due to consumption of meat
contaminated with animals intestinal
contents during slaughter.
✓ Produces exotoxin that causes
abdominal pain and diarrhoea. (also
causing gangrene)
```
Clostridium perfringenes
36
This bacteria produces two exotoxins A and B. Toxin A is an enterotoxin. It also causes pseudomembrane colitis (antibiotic associated colitis)
Clostridium difficile
37
A large Gram-positive, endospore forming a bacterium
✓ Normal habitat is soil
✓ In foods, spores resist killing and the bacterium geminates to produce toxin
✓ Causes diarrhoea which last for 6-18 h and is self limiting
✓ Outbreaks associated with contaminated rice
Bacillus cereus
38
Facultatively anaerobic, Gram-positive, coccus shape, which appears as grape-like clusters when viewed through a microscope, and has round, usually golden-yellow colonies, often with hemolysis, when grown on blood agar plates
Staphyloccocus Aureus
39
```
A patient has some destruction of the enamel covering the teeth. This is probably caused by
the activity of
a. B. subtilis.
b. H. pylori.
c. S. aureus.
d. S. mutans.
```
d. S. mutans.
produce dextran (sucrose to fructose to glucose) parotids are part of the salivary glands which is part of the digestive system
40
Mumps is caused by a
a. bacterium.
b. fungus.
c. protozoan.
d. virus.
d. virus.
41
```
Which of the following diseases of gastrointestinal system is transmitted by the respiratory
route?
a. Cytomegalovirus inclusion disease
b. Mumps
c. Vibrio gastroenteritis
d. Traveller’s diarrhoea
```
b. Mumps
42
```
Which of the following can be transmitted from an infected mother to her fetus across the
placenta?
a. Mumps
b. Cytomegalovirus inclusion disease
c. Infectious hepatitis
d. Typhoid fever
```
b. Cytomegalovirus inclusion disease
43
Select the incorrect characteristic about the Shigella species.
a. They are Gram-negative.
b. They belong to the Enterobacteriaceae.
c. They cause bacillary dysentery.
d. They have a coccus shape.
d. They have a coccus shape.
Shigella is rod shaped
44
An intestinal inflammation, primarily of the colon. It can lead to mild or severe stomach cramps and severe diarrhea with mucus or blood in the feces. Without adequate hydration, it can be fatal. Infection with the Shigella bacillus, or bacterium, is the most common cause.
Dysentery
45
A person suffers from dysentery. Isolation of one bacterium from this person's small intestine
reveals a Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium. This bacterium is probably a species of
a. Bacillus.
b. Clostridium.
c. Shigella.
d. Streptococcus.
c. Shigella.
46
A person with a normal body weight of 150 pounds suffers from dehydration by bacterial
infection. The minimal loss of _____________ pounds through dehydration will probably be
fatal to this person.
a. 6
b. 8
c. 12
d. 24
c. 12
Equates to 8%. Everyone else goes by 10% but for this course they go by 8%.
47
Select the characteristic that is NOT a symptom of typhoid fever.
a. Fatigue develops.
b. High fever is produced.
c. Patients develop an increased appetite.
d. Patients develop rose spots.
c. Patients develop an increased appetite.
| - patients would have a decrease in appetite.
48
Salmonellosis is
a. food poisoning.
b. Schistosomiasis.
c. spotted fever.
d. typhoid fever.
a. food poisoning.
49
```
_____________ strains of E. coli are the primary cause of traveler's diarrhea.
TYPE: Comprehension
a. Enterohemorrhagic
b. Enteroinvasive
c. Enteropathogenic
d. Enterotoxigenic
```
d. Enterotoxigenic
Search the textbook for examples of all of the options
50
Thorough cooking of food will prevent all of the following EXCEPT
a. Trichinosis
b. Beef tapeworm
c. Staphylococcal food poisoning
d. Salmonellosis
c. Staphylococcal food poisoning
reheating will get rid of the bacteria but not the toxin.
51
An antibiotic that might be recommended to treat traveler's diarrhea is
a. ampicillin.
b. ciprofloxacin.
c. erythromycin.
d. tetracycline.
b. ciprofloxacin.
52
A species of Vibrio causes
a. cholera.
b. food poisoning.
c. typhoid fever.
d. spotted fever
a. cholera.
Vibrios Parahaemolyticus
53
The fluids used for ORT usually contain
a. calcium and chloride.
b. chloride and iodide.
c. glucose and calcium.
d. glucose and sodium
d. glucose and sodium
54
Vibrio parahaemolyticus causes
a. blood septicemia.
b. dental caries.
c. mild diarrhea.
d. stomach ulcers
c. mild diarrhea.
55
Select the INCORRECT characteristic about Yersinia enterocolitica.
a. It grows best at room temperature.
b. It is Gram-positive.
c. It is usually found in animals.
d. It produces an enterotoxin.
b. It is Gram-positive.
Yersinia enterocolitica is gram negative
56
Select the INCORRECT characteristic about Campylobacter species.
a. They are Gram-negative.
b. They are cultivated in microaerophilic conditions.
c. They can be human pathogens.
d. They have coccal-shaped cells.
d. They have coccal-shaped cells.
57
Stomach ulcers are caused by a species of
a. Bacillus.
b. Escherichia.
c. Helicobacter.
d. Staphylococcus
c. Helicobacter.
58
Select the INCORRECT characteristic about S. aureus.
a. It causes food poisoning.
b. It does not retain Gentian violet when decolorized.
c. It forms grapelike clusters of spherical cells.
d. It produces a heat-stabile enterotoxin.
b. It does not retain Gentian violet when decolorized.
another name is crystal violet
59
Select the INCORRECT characteristic about Clostridium perfringens.
a. It can metabolize in the absence of oxygen.
b. It causes foodborne intoxication.
c. It does not retain Gentian violet when decolorized.
d. It is resistant to harsh conditions.
c. It does not retain Gentian violet when decolorized.
another name is crystal violet
60
The rotavirus causing gastroenteritis mainly damages
a. intestinal epithelial cells.
b. smooth muscle tissue.
c. valves of the intestinal tract.
d. white blood cells.
a. intestinal epithelial cells.
61
Entamoeba histolytica is a
a. bacterium.
b. fungus.
c. protozoan.
d. virus.
c. protozoan.
62
Select the INCORRECT characteristic about Ascaris lumbricoides.
a. It has a simple life cycle.
b. It is a roundworm parasite.
c. It is common in regions with poor sanitation.
d. It sheds eggs in human feces.
a. It has a simple life cycle.
as ascaris lumbricoides is a worm it has a very complex life cycle
63
In humans, beef tapeworm infestations are acquired by
a. Ingesting the eggs of Taenia saginata
b. Ingesting segments of adult tapeworms
c. Ingesting contaminated water
d. Ingesting cysticerci in the intermediate host
d. Ingesting cysticerci in the intermediate host
64
Most cases of post-transfusion hepatitis are caused by
a. Heptatis A virus
b. Heptatis B virus
c. Heptatis C virus
d. Heptatis D virus
c. Heptatis C virus
65
Select the INCORRECT characteristic about the hepatitis A virus.
a. It contains single-stranded RNA.
b. It has an envelope.
c. It multiplies in the liver.
d. It is a small virus.
b. It has an envelope.
66
Enteropathogenic strains of E. coli cause diarrhea in newborn infants
T-F
T
67
A researcher is studying ways to control a bacterial population of Vibrio cholerae. One
possible biological control is to eradicate the local population of mosquitoes.
T-F
F
Vibrio cholerae is found in food and water
68
The hepatitis B virus is a DNA-containing virus
| T-F
T
69
Hepatitis E is usually benign and self-limited.
| T-F
T
70
Otis media in the infection of the
a. external ear.
b. external nose.
c. middle ear.
d. internal nose.
c. middle ear.
71
A diagnosis of strep throat is confirmed by all of the following EXCEPT
a. Hemolytic reaction
b. Bacitracin inhibition
c. Symptoms
d. Serological test
c. Symptoms
As symptoms are general it cannot be confirmed on symptoms alone
72
Each is a symptom of strep throat EXCEPT
a. a whitish exudate covering the tonsils.
b. fever.
c. headaches.
d. shrunken lymph nodes.
d. shrunken lymph nodes.
lymph nodes would be enlarged
73
The term "erythrogenic" means
a. red-destroying.
b. red-producing.
c. white-destroying.
d. white-producing
b. red-producing.
74
About _____________ pneumococcal serotypes have been isolated.
a. 20
b. 40
c. 60
d. 80
d. 80
75
Which of the following diseases is not correctly matched to a virulence factor?
a. Diphtheria –exotoxin
b. Scarlet fever – exotoxin
c. Pneumococcal pneumonia – exotoxin
d. Whooping cough – endotoxin
c. Pneumococcal pneumonia – exotoxin
76
Mycoplasma pneumoniae develops in the trachea of a young child. The best antibiotic for
treatment is
a. cephalosporin.
b. erythromycin.
c. penicillin.
d. tetracycline.
b. erythromycin.
77
Pertussis is
a. pneumonia.
b. scarlet fever.
c. whooping cough.
d. yellow fever.
c. whooping cough.
78
The leading killer of humans among infectious diseases is
a. AIDS.
b. tuberculosis.
c. whooping cough.
d. yellow fever.
b. tuberculosis.
79
BCG is a(n)
a. antibiotic against Gram-negative bacteria.
b. antibiotic against Gram-positive bacteria.
c. vaccine for tuberculosis.
d. vaccine for whooping cough
c. vaccine for tuberculosis.
80
M. bovis usually enters the human body through the _____________ system.
a. circulatory
b. Gastrointestinal
c. Respiratory
d. Urinary
b. Gastrointestinal
81
A person can have a positive tuberculin test because
a. She has been vaccinated
b. She has had tuberculosis
c. She is immune to tuberculosis
d. All of the above
d. All of the above
82
Which of the following causes an infection of the respiratory system that is transmitted by the
gastrointestinal route?
a. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
b. Mycoplasma pneumoniae
c. Haemophilus influenza.
d. Streptococcus pneumoniae
a. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
83
Which of the following diseases is NOT correctly matched to its vaccine?
a. Whooping cough – heat killed bacteria
b. Diphtheria - toxoid
c. Tuberculosis – toxoid
d. Influenza – viruses grown in embryonated egg
c. Tuberculosis – toxoid
84
Mycoplasma produces small “ fried –egg” colonies on medium containing horse serum-yeast
extract.
T-F
T
85
The skin cannot be infected by C. diphtheriae.
| T – F
F
C.diphtheria has a cutaneous form (Cutaneous diphtheria), especially in individuals over 30
years of age.
86
A patient has fever, difficulty breathing, chest pains, fluid in the alveoli, and a positive
tuberculin test. Gram-positive cocci are isolated from the sputum. The patient most likely has
Tuberculosis.
T - F
F
| The patient most likely has pneumococcal pneumoniae
87
A bacterium is tested for identification in the laboratory. Its colonies on a nutrient agar
surface are flooded with a dilute solution of hydrogen peroxide. Bubbles are formed on the
surface immediately. This shows that the bacterium could be Streptococcus pneumoniae.
T - F
F
| The bacterium produces the enzyme catalase , so it must be a staphylococci
88
Pneumococcal sepsis is a life-threatening disease. T-F
T
89
A patient who present with red throat and tonsils can be diagnosed as having styreptococcal
pharyngitis.
T – F
F
| There is no sufficient information for this diagnosis
90
_____________ is the most accessible system in the body and is therefore a major portal of entry for pathogens.
The respiratory system
91
Pathogens use this system to exit and spread infection from one person to another
The respiratory system
92
Infection of the __________ is associated with a sore throat whereas infection of __________ is associated with losing voice and the ability to speak
pharynx (Throat), Larynx (vocal cord or voice box)
93
________ _________ is caused by Streptococcus pyogenes and is associated with high fever, tonsillitis and infection of middle ear (otitis media)
Streptococcal pharyngitis
94
S. pyogenes strains produce ___________ toxin that causes Scarlet fever also known as red strawberry tongue
erythrogenic
95
______ _________ is the causative agent of diphtheria can also cause skin infection known as cutaneous diphtheria
Corynebacterium diphtheriae,
96
Corynebacterium diphtheriae, adheres to epithelium of the throat and produces a potent toxin that damages the ______ and _______
heart and kidney
97
Diphtheria toxoid is part of the ______ vaccine
DPT
98
Influenza (flu)is caused by an RNA virus that is covered with which two antigenic segments;
H spikes = haemagglutinin and N spikes=neuraminidase
99
Emergence of new influenza flu is due to the antigenic shifts in either N or H spikes or both
T-F
T
100
What are the three stages of the pertussis disease:
catarrhal stage, paroxysmal stage and convalescence
101
Acellular vaccine against pertussis is available made of ______ ________ and toxoid.
fimbrial haemagglutinin
102
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is stained with ____ _____staining and can only grow on ________ agar
acid fast, Loweinstein
103
Detection of people susceptible to tuberculosis is done using ______ _______ _______ identified by hardening and induration . The test is called Tuberculin test OR Mantoux test.
purified protein derivative (PPD)
104
BCG (Bacillus Calmette and Guerin) is the only vaccine for TB made of long cultivation of _________ ________
Mycobacterium bovis
105
Typical pneumonia is caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae whereas atypical pneumonia is caused by other bacteria.
T-F
T
| e.g. Hemophilus influenza, Mycoplasma pneumoniae
106
________ pneumonia does not have cell wall and produces very small fried-egg colonies
Mycoplasma
107
L. pneumoniae causing Legionnaire’s disease is mainly transmitted by _______ _______
water aerosols
108
_________, is caused by Coxiella brunetti a rickettsia was identified in 1930 in Australia
Q-fever
109
Commonly found in SE Asia and N. Australia and is
| caused by Burhkolderia pseudommallei
Melioidosis
110
The most common fungal diseases of lower respiratory system are __________ caused by Histoplasma capsulatum and Coccidioidomycosis
Histoplasmosis
111
Are corynebacteria gram-positive or gram-negative?
gram positive
112
Rotavirus 90% of the cases cultivates in the _______
GI Tract
113
Mumps target which gland?
parotid (salivary)
114
The mumps virus can be transmitted via
Saliva and respiratory secretions
115
What is the portal of entry for Mumps?
Respiratory tract
116
List 3 complications of mumps.
meningitis, inflammation of ovaries, and
| pancreatitis
117
Cytomegalovirus is part of what virus group
Herpes virus
118
Can Cytomegalovirus infection persist for life?
Yes, Antibody is formed but fails to clear virus.
119
A Causes nuclear inclusion and enlarged cell with viral inclusion body known as Owl’s eye
Cytomegalovirus
120
Inflammation of the liver, caused by single/double
| stranded RNA or DNA viruses
Viral Hepatitis
121
How do we test for hep A-C
Serological test to detect surface antigen
| not the virus
122
Which Hepatitis viruses are single stranded RNA
Hep A,D,E
123
Caused by mycotoxin of Asperguilus flavus
✓ Found in peanuts and other foods
✓ May causes cirrhosis of liver in human
Aflatoxin poisoning
124
Caused by mycotoxin of Asperguilus flavus
✓ Found in peanuts and other foods
✓ May causes cirrhosis of liver in human
Aflatoxin poisoning
fungal disease of the GI tract
125
Caused by mycotoxin of Claviceps purpeura (a fungus causing
smut infection on grain crops)
✓ Ingestion of rye or cereal grains contaminated with the fungus.
✓ Hallucinogenic symptoms
Ergot poisoning (ergotism
fungal disease of the GI trac
126
A nematode that is acquired by eating encysted larvae in poorly cooked pork
Trichinella spiralis
127
What bacteria causes traveler's diarrhea
Enterotoxigenic E. coli
128
How many different pathotypes of E. coli can cause diarrhea
There are 6
129
GI tract includes: mouth/teeth, pharynx (throat) stomach, small and large intestine and accessory structures; tongue, salivary glands, liver and pancreas.
T-F
T
130
What is the causative agent of dental caries (tooth decay) ?
Streptococcus mutans
131
Tooth decay occurs when s.mutans break down sucrose to _________ and _______.
fructose and glucose
132
In tooth decay - fructose is converted to ______ ______, that breaks enamel.
lactic acid
133
Salmonella infection (salmonellosis) is a common bacterial disease that affects the _________ ________.
Gastrointestinal tract (GI Tract)
134
Salmonella bacteria typically live in animal and human intestines and are shed through _________.
feces
135
Which type of Vibrio causes a life threatening diarrhea (rice water diarrhoea) by producing a heat-labile (LT) toxin
Vibrio cholerae
136
Another name for pertussis is whooping cough. This
| symptom is caused by the pathogens’ attack on which cells?
Ciliated cells in the trachea,
First impeding their ciliary action and then progressively destroying the cells. This prevents the ciliary escalator system from moving mucus. B. pertussis produces several toxins.
137
What is the name of the toxin produced by Bordetella pertussis that causes the loss of cilia?
Tracheal cytotoxin
138
Mycobacterium bovis is a pathogen mainly of cattle. M. bovis is the cause of bovine ___________.
tuberculosis
139
Bovine tuberculosis is transmitted to humans via contaminated _______ or _________
milk or food
Note: It seldom spreads from human to human, but before the days of pasteurized milk and the development of control methods such as tuberculin testing of cattle herds, this disease was a frequent form of tuberculosis in humans.
140
What characteristic of mycobacterium suggests use of the prefix myco-?
On the surface of liquid media, their growth
| appears moldlike, which suggested the genus name Mycobacterium (myco means fungus).
141
When a bacterium is classified as acid-fast what does this mean?
The bacterium cannot be decolorized with acid-alcohol
142
Mycobacteria has a high resistance to environmental stresses, such as drying. In fact, these bacteria can survive for weeks in dried sputum and are very resistant to chemical antimicrobials used as antiseptics and disinfectants.
T-F
T
143
Almost a third of Earth’s population is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. T-F
T
144
A blockage in the ureter prevents the normal transport of urine from the
kidney to the bladder.
145
The most common microbe causing urinary tract infections is
E. coli.
146
```
Select the bacterium NOT known to cause UTIs.
TYPE: Knowledge
a. Bacillus
b. Escherichia
c. Klebsiella
d. Pseudomonas
```
a. Bacillus
147
Select the INCORRECT statement about Leptospira interrogans.
a. It can be treated with penicillin.
b. It enters humans through mucous membranes.
c. It is a member of the spirochete family.
d. Its presence is easy to diagnose.
d. Its presence is easy to diagnose.
148
A diagnostic test is designed to detect gonorrhea in a male. The simplest way to detect
gonorrhea from this person's urine is if it
a. grows on Thayer-Martin medium with antibiotics.
b. grows on Thayer-Martin medium without antibiotics.
c. has Gram-negative diplococci.
d. has Gram-positive diplococci.
c. has Gram-negative diplococci.
149
Select the INCORRECT statement about Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
a. It is a diplococcus.
b. It is a highly adapted pathogen.
c. It is easily cultured on a simple medium.
d. It is easily killed by sunlight.
c. It is easily cultured on a simple medium.
150
```
About _____________ percent of men contract gonorrhea after a single exposure.
TYPE: Knowledge
a. 5
b. 20
c. 50
d. 75
```
20-35%
151
The discovery of _____________ was a major step toward the control of gonorrhea.
a. erythromycin
b. penicillin
c. streptomycin
d. tetracycline
b. penicillin
152
Select the INCORRECT statement about Treponema pallidum.
a. It forms chains of bacilli.
b. It is a bacterium.
c. It is difficult to culture.
d. It infects only human beings.
a. It forms chains of bacilli.
153
Select the disease that has been called the great pox.
a. anthrax
b. gonorrhea
c. smallpox
d. Syphilis
d. Syphilis
154
Secondary syphilis usually appears _____________ weeks after the appearance of the chancre.
a. 1 to 20
b. 2 to 4
c. 6 to 8
d. 10 to 12
c. 6 to 8
155
Chancroid is caused by a member of the genus
a. Escherichia.
b. Haemophilus.
c. Mycobacterium.
d. Staphylococcus.
b. Haemophilus.
156
Select the INCORRECT statement about Herpes simplex virus.
a. It degrades the DNA of the host cells.
b. It has a latent phase.
c. It has an active phase.
d. It is not a DNA virus.
d. It is not a DNA virus.
157
The herpes simplex virus directly affects human cells that
a. carry oxygen and carbon dioxide.
b. contract to produce movement.
c. send messages through the body.
d. wander through the body by phagocytosis.
c. send messages through the body.
158
Select the INCORRECT statement about Gardnerella vaginalis.
a. It is not decolorized in the Gram stain steps.
b. It discharges amines.
c. It is nonmotile.
d. Its incidence is high in women with vaginitis.
c. It is nonmotile.
159
```
Candida albicans is a
TYPE: Knowledge
a. bacterium.
b. fungus.
c. protozoan.
d. virus
```
b. fungus
160
Select the INCORRECT statement about Candida albicans.
a. It can be a harmless inhabitant of the vagina.
b. It causes inflammation of the vagina.
c. It is treated with antifungal medications.
d. It resembles yeasts.
a. It can be a harmless inhabitant of the vagina.
161
Trichomonas is a
a. ciliated bacterium.
b. ciliated protozoan.
c. flagellated bacterium.
d. flagellated protozoan.
d. flagellated protozoan.
162
L. monocytogenes is a(n)
a. Non-opportunistic commensal.
b. Non-opportunistic pathogen.
c. opportunistic commensal.
d. opportunistic pathogen.
d. opportunistic pathogen.
Listeria apparently - this is not covered in the material at all and bizarre to say the least
163
An enlarged prostate gland blocks the passage of urine from the bladder through the urethra.
T - F
T
164
L. interrogans can be treated early with tetracycline.
| T – F
T
165
In the lab, a gonococcus is found to have an outer membrane protein, Protein II. It can bind to epithelial cells in clumps. This species belongs to Escherichia but does not belong to Neisseria.
T – F
F
166
N. gonorrhea infects only humans.
| T – F
T
167
Trepanoma pertenue causes syphilis.
| T – F
F - Trepanema pallidum does
168
A chlamydia infection causes an _____________ pregnancy, meaning that the fetus does not
develop in its normal location.
ectopic
169
HSV affects epithelial cells and neurons.
| T – F
T
170
Genital herpes can be cured.
| T – F
F
171
A population of lactobacilli in the female reproductive tract tends to change the pH from 6 to 3 in this structure.
T – F
F - it would make it more alkaline
172
Male urethritis is caused by a species of Neisseria.
| T – F
T
173
Chancroid is fairly common in _____________ countries.
tropical
174
Select the substances that cannot pass through the blood brain barrier.
a. amino acids
b. antibiotics
c. carbon dioxide molecules
d. glucose molecules
b. antibiotics
175
Encephalitis is an inflammation of the
a. brain.
b. heart.
c. kidney.
d. skeletal muscles.
a. brain.
176
Select the INCORRECT statement about Neisseria meningitidis.
a. It is a disease-causing microorganism.
b. It is decolorized in the Gram-staining procedure.
c. It is grown in lab on a minimal medium.
d. Its only natural reservoir is the human body
c. It is grown in lab on a minimal medium.
177
The meningococcus is transmitted from person to person by
a. blood transfusion.
b. contaminated food.
c. respiratory droplets.
d. urinary tract infections.
c. respiratory droplets.
178
The antibiotic of choice to treat systemic meningococcal infections is
a. erythromycin.
b. penicillin G.
c. rifampin.
d. tetracycline
b. penicillin G.
179
```
The growth of a culture of Clostridium tetani can be inhibited significantly by placing it in an
environment
a. of 25 degrees Celsius.
b. of 37 degrees Celsius.
c. with oxygen.
d. without oxygen.
```
c. with oxygen.
180
Tetanospasmin produced by Clostridium tetani is a(n)
a. antibiotic.
b. antibody.
c. antigen.
d. toxin.
d. toxin.
181
Select the INCORRECT statement about Clostridium botulinum.
a. It forms endospores.
b. It is aerobic.
c. It is motile.
d. It is rod-shaped.
b. It is aerobic.
182
The final phase of rabies is the _____________ phase.
a. excitation
b. inhibition
c. paralytic
d. prodromal
c. paralytic
183
The Pasteur treatment for rabies involves injections into the _____________ wall.
a. abdominal
b. pericardial
c. pleural
d. urinary
a. abdominal
184
```
To eradicate the arbovirus from an environment, a biological control strategy should target a
population of
a. arachnids.
b. fish.
c. insects.
d. Reptiles.
```
c. insects.
185
Each of the following is caused by a viral pathogen except
a. Mad cow disease
b. chickenpox.
c. measles.
d. rubella.
a. Mad cow disease
186
N. meningitidis is non-spore forming diplococci.
| T-F
T
187
Vaccine against capsular antigen of Streptococcus pneumoniae is not available
F
188
Bacteria usually enter the central nervous system from the bloodstream.
T
189
Neisseria meningitides is the only cause of bacterial meningitis
T-F
F
70% caused by 3 bacteria; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Haemophilus influenzae and Neisseria
meningitidis
190
A researcher attempts to inhibit the growth of a population of Clostridium tetani through a pH
change in the environment. This can be accomplished by changing the pH to from 7.5 to 5.5.
T_F
T
191
A researcher attempts to inhibit the growth of a population of Clostridium tetani through a pH
change in the environment. This can be accomplished by changing the pH to from 7.5 to 5.5.
T-F
T
192
The average time for the symptoms of rabies to appear after the infecting animal bite is two
months
T-F
T
193
Infection by poliovirus is initiated by ingesting virus
| T-F
T
194
Mycobacterium leprae is also known as Hansen bacterium and the leprosy is also known as Hansen disease.
T-F
T
195
Both botulism and tetanus are caused by species of the genus _____________.
Clostridium
196
The earliest symptoms of rabies are in the _____________ phase.
prodromal
197
Salk vaccine against polio was made of inactivated virus with _____________
formaldehyde
198
Acute bacterial endocarditis is
a. slow in developing and progresses rapidly.
b. slow in developing and progresses slowly.
c. sudden in developing and progresses rapidly.
d. sudden in developing and progresses slowly.
c. sudden in developing and progresses rapidly.
199
Select the INCORRECT statement about Trypanosoma cruzi.
a. It has a complicated life cycle.
b. It is a ciliated microorganism.
c. It is a protozoan.
d. It is transmitted to humans by an insect bite.
b. It is a ciliated microorganism.
200
Septicemia is a bacterial invasion that is
a. persistent and not serious.
b. persistent and serious.
c. short-lived and not serious.
d. short-lived and serious.
b. persistent and serious.
201
Select the INCORRECT statement about Yersinia pestis.
a. It is a virulent pathogen.
b. It is a coccobacillus.
c. It is Gram-positive.
d. It is transmitted between human hosts by flea bites
c. It is Gram-positive.
202
Select the INCORRECT statement about Francisella tularensis.
a. It frequently infects human beings.
b. It is a coccobacillus.
c. It is Gram-negative.
d. Its disease occurs worldwide among wild mammals
a. It frequently infects human beings.
203
Occuloglandular disease begins in the
a. brain.
b. eye.
c. heart.
d. lymph nodes.
b. eye.
204
Select the INCORRECT statement about Brucella species.
a. Their species are distinguished by surface antigens.
b. They are coccobacilli.
c. They infect different kinds of mammals.
d. They retain Gentian violet after the Gram counterstain.
d. They retain Gentian violet after the Gram counterstain.
205
Lyme disease is caused by a species of
a. Bacillus.
b. Borrelia.
c. Brucella.
d. Mycobacterium.
b. Borrelia.
206
Anthrax is caused by a species of
a. Bacillus.
b. Borrelia.
c. Brucella.
d. Pseudomonas.
a. Bacillus.
207
The most common form of anthrax is
a. circulatory.
b. cutaneous.
c. gastrointestinal.
d. respiratory.
b. cutaneous.
208
Another name for murine typhus is _____________ typhus.
a. airborne
b. arthropod
c. circulatory
d. Flea-borne
d. Flea-borne
209
Yellow fever is caused by a
a. bacterium.
b. fungus.
c. protozoan.
d. virus.
d. virus.
210
. Select the INCORRECT statement about dengue fever.
a. It appears frequently in temperate climates.
b. It is transmitted by a mosquito.
c. It resembles yellow fever in many ways.
d. It is caused by closely related viruses.
a. It appears frequently in temperate climates.
211
Select the INCORRECT statement about infectious mononucleosis.
a. It is caused by EBV.
b. It often occurs in humans from 15 to 25 years old.
c. Its symptoms appear about one year after infection.
d. Its virus produces latent and active infections.
c. Its symptoms appear about one year after infection.
212
Select the earliest stage in the infection by the AIDS virus.
a. fusion of dendritic cells to CD4 lymphocytes
b. killing of virus-producing cells by CD8 T cells
c. outbreak of a skin rash
d. spreading of the virus to the brain
a. fusion of dendritic cells to CD4 lymphocytes
213
Select the genus of bacterium that is NOT among the most threatening to AIDS patients.
a. Cryptococcus
b. Histoplasma
c. Pneumocystis
d. Pseudomonas
d. Pseudomonas
214
Select the choice that is not a main mode of AIDS transmission.
a. contaminated food
b. infected blood
c. mother to infant
d. sexual contact
a. contaminated food
215
Merozoites invade
a. muscle cells.
b. nerve cells.
c. red blood cells.
d. white blood cells.
c. red blood cells.
216
Toxoplasmosis occurs in each of the following EXCEPT
a. birds.
b. fish.
c. mammals.
d. reptiles.
b. fish.
217
Select the INCORRECT statement about schistosomiasis.
TYPE: Comprehension
a. It is caused by a helminth.
b. It is prevalent in Asia.
c. Its treatment is relatively inexpensive.
d. Schistosomes have complex life cycles
c. Its treatment is relatively inexpensive.
218
The systemic circulation is between the heart and the lungs.
| T - F
F
| That is the pulmonary circuit
219
Most cases of endocarditis are caused by bacteria.
| T - F
T
220
An embolus is a clot that becomes dislodged and travels through the circulation.
T - F
T
221
Chagas' disease is an acute, chronic illness in humans.
| T - F
T
222
Significant fluid buildup from pericarditis can interfere with the efficient pumping action of the heart.
T - F
T
223
Brucella species can be cultivated in lab under concentrations of diminished carbon dioxide.
T - F
F
224
A large population suffering from yellow fever is studied. Among this group of 1000, probably 500 suffer the symptoms of the disease.
T - F
F
55% asymptomatic
33% mild
12% severe
225
Yellow fever is also called break-bone fever.
| T - F
F
226
The most common means of HIV infections is sexual transmission.
T - F
T
227
Wild _____________ are the animals that must be eliminated from human housing to prevent the
outbreak of the bubonic from an area.
Moha says rodents but I think he means rats as it's caused by bites from rat fleas
228
_____________ are the mammals that must be eliminated from an area to eradicate Lyme disease.
Deer
229
Variation in the _____________ molecules of Borrelia species explains the pattern of appearance and
disappearance of Lyme disease.
Antigens
230
Bartonella henselae is pleomorphic, meaning that it can change its _____________.
Shape
231
Removing _____________ through insecticides will prevent the development of epidemic typhus.
lice
232
Through a viral infection, a person complains of fatigue. Possible anemia can be diagnosed by
measuring the concentration of _____________ in the body.
Moha says red blood cells but I think he more means hemoglobin.
