Week 7 solids solutions and size

Question 1

States of matter / phases

Answer 1

Solid, liquid, vapour (gas), plasma
Phase diagram, allows you to pinpoint what state a substance will be in at a specific temprature
Sublimation, where a substance moves from being a solid directly to being a gas
Triple point -> temperature and pressure where all three phases are existing in equilibrium
Critical point -> Point on temperature and pressure line where there are no clear boundaries between liquid and gas

Question 2

Pharmaceutical solids

Answer 2

Can broadly exist in two forms, a crystalline form and an amorphous form

Question 3

Crystalline form

Answer 3

All solids in a very ordered crystalline tructure
-Polymorphs
-Solvates and hydrates
-Co-crystals

Question 4

Polymorphs

Answer 4

Different arrangements of the molecule, still crystalline structure but a slightly different crystalline structure, still has a very rigid order

Question 5

Solvates / hydrates

Answer 5

Still solids but a solvent molecule has become incorporated into the crystalline structure, can get different arrangements of solvates with different numbers of water molecules per drug molecule - when that solvent is water we refer to it as a hydrate rather than a solvate

Question 6

Co-crystals

Answer 6

Solids that are crystalline materials that are composed of two or more molecules in the same crystalline lattice

Question 7

Amorphous

Answer 7

Solids that have no fixed arrangement, no defined order of arrangement of the individual molecules

Question 8

Polymorphism

Answer 8

Where crystals formed by a single molecular species take different forms
The structure of these forms is dependent on the intermolecular attractions between molecules
We may use the term isoform to refer to polymorphic structures

Question 10

Genetic equivalents

Answer 10

When a drug is first launched there will be a branded product made by the pharmaceutical company that has developed that product. The product will have a patent protecting that drug, which means no one else can profit off that particular new drug, only the company that made it can do it
When that patent expires, it means that any company can make that drug formulation and start selling it -> these are referred to as the generic equivalent product

Question 11

Solution

Answer 11

Mixture of two or more components that form a single phase that is homogenous to the molecular level

Question 12

Solvent

Answer 12

The component that determines the phase (usually present is the greatest quantity and typically a liquid)

Question 13

Solute

Answer 13

The other component(s) which are dispersed as molecules / ions throughout the solvent - these components are in solution

Question 14

Dissolution

Answer 14

The process whereby molecules or ions from the solid phase move into solution

Answer 15

Solution -> single phase system
Suspension / emulsion -> two - phase

Question 16

Saturated system

Answer 16

If you keep adding solute to the solution there will reach a point where that drug will stop entering solution -> equilibrium is reached where no more solute can dissolve
Equilibrium is dependent on the conditions

Question 17

Solid in liquid solutions

Answer 17

1)Solutions of non-electrolytes (non-ionic)
->Does not conduct an electric current, is not being broken down into charged ions
2)Solutions of electrolytes
->Will split into its ions upon dissolution, will conduct an electric current
-Strong electrolytes - fully ionise over a wide pH range
- Weak electrolytes - ionisation dependent on pH

Question 18

Liquid in liquid solutions

Answer 18

1)Completely miscible
Miscibility -> mutual solubility of components in liquid-liquid systems
2)Partially miscible
-Affected by temperature
-Partially miscible binary liquids are used with a separating funnel to determine partition coefficients

Question 19

Gas in liquid solution

Answer 19

Solubility of gases is determined by temperature and pressure
Solubility generally decreases as temperature rises
Different to a solid, typically with solids as you increase temperature solubility increases
Solubility generally increases with pressure in gases

Question 20

Water for injections

Answer 20

Water for injections is the name for a particular ingredient that is often used when we are preparing injections
Want to make sure there is limited gas dissolved in the water for injections so it is important to ensure heat is considered