Week 7 - Social cognitive perspective continued Flashcards
What is social cognitive theory?
Social and cognitive factors involved in learning and behaviour. Reciprocal nature of the relationship between behaviour, environment, and personal factors, such as beliefs, expectations, and self-perceptions
What is Triadic Reciprocal Determinism?
Bandura proposed that a person, the environment, and the person’s behaviour itself all interact to produce the person’s subsequent behaviour
None of the three components can be understood in isolation as a determiner of behaviour
What are some examples of environmental, behavioural, and cognitive factors?
Behavioural factors:
- Skills, practice, self-efficacy
Environmental factors:
- Social norms, access in community, influence on others
Cognitive factors:
- Knowledge, expectations, attitudes
How do people influence their environment?
Though the potential environment is the same for all animals, the actual environment depends on the behaviour. Reinforcements, like punishment, exist only potentially in the environment and are only actualised by certain behaviour patterns
What is Self-efficacy?
Is an individual’s belief in their capacity to act in the ways necessary to reach specific goals
What is Bandura’s Self-efficacy theory?
Bandura believes that much human behaviour is self-regulated: self-observation, judgement, and self-response
Through direct and observational learning, performance standards develop the act as guids in evaluating one’s own behaviour
Efficacy beliefs influence how people feel, think, motivate, and behave
Judgements of personal efficacy influence not only what people will do but also how much effort and time they will devote to a task, especially when faced with difficulties.
What does it mean to have high self-efficacy?
Numerous studies have shown that students with a high sense of academic self-efficacy display greater persistence, effort, and intrinsic interest in their academic learning and performance
A problem is that it can lead to a stubborn commitment to a losing effort and thus may sometimes lead to an insensitivity to the contingencies of reinforcement
What are the 4 determinants of self-efficacy?
1) Performance attainments (goals)
2) Observational learning
3) Verbal persuasion (“you can do it”)
4) Emotional arousal
What is an example of performance attainments?
Trained women have a higher self-efficacy that they can defend themselves than without training
What is an example of observational learning in sport?
Teammates in the Olympics thought that they could win a gold medal because their teammates did
What is an example of verbal persuasion?
Exposing individuals to messages heighten participants self-efficacy to prevent a friend from driving drunk
Bandura challenges skinner’s operant account because…
The models behaviour acts as a discriminative stimulus indicating which actions will result in reinforcement. Imitation is a discriminative operant
Bandura:
1) This account doesn’t explain how learning can occur when neither the models nor the observers are reinforced for their actions
2) Doesn’t explain delayed modelling
3) An observer must be aware of the reinforcement contingencies - a cognitive process
