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PSYC 2330 (Midterm II) > Week 7- Negative Reinforcement, Punishment > Flashcards

Week 7- Negative Reinforcement, Punishment Flashcards

1
Q

Negative Reinforcement

A

Removal of an aversive stimulus

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2
Q

Sidman Avoidance Task

A

US comes on fixed interval
Subject needs to have a sense of time to produce response at right time
Foot shock delivered at regular basis
If subject develops avoidance response, will jump just before shock delivered (if they jump after the shock is delivered, it is an escape response, not an avoidance response)

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3
Q

Escape From Fear as a Reinforcer

A

Group 1: light/tone-> shock
Group 2: light/tone-> no shock
Test: Light/tone presented, rat can terminate by jumping

Animal will learn to jump to turn off shock

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4
Q

Problems with 2 Factor Theory: Response Problem

A

Animal still responding even though it is not being shocked (reinforcer) anymore…. No extinction…why?

Termination of conditioned fear state results in maintained responding

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5
Q

Problems with 2 Factor Theory: Species- specific Defense Reactions (SSDR)

A

Rat jumping because they are scared (innate response), not because they learned that jumping will turn off shock

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6
Q

Problems with 2 Factor Theory: Fearless Problem

A

Level of fear displayed throughout avoidance task changes (not stable)

Beginning of avoidance training- not really fearful

Middle of training- fearful

End of training- fear is gone, but still responding (no extinction)

Fear goes through extinction (no more shocks)

Behaviour maintained based on expectation of shock (if I don’t respond I will get shocked)

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7
Q

Flooding

A

Exposure to CS without US to prevent response

i.e. scared of spiders, put them in a room full of spiders
Put rat in box, present light/tone, prevent them from jumping… after enough exposure to light/tone, animal will stop responding (extinction)

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8
Q

Positive Punishment

A

Presentation of aversive stimulus

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9
Q

Effectiveness of Punishment

A

Effect due to punishment doesn’t produce long lasting effect on behaviour- response comes back (no advantages over reinforcement)

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10
Q

Punishment: Intensity

A

Need strong stimulus, if aversive stimulus is not strong enough, builds up tolerance, requires huge intensity to reduce behaviour

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11
Q

Punishment: Delay

A

Needs to be delivered immediately following response, even a short delay will result in lack of decrease in responding

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12
Q

Punishment: Schedule

A

Needs to follow CRF schedule

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13
Q

Punishment: Stimulus Control

A

Need multiple people delivering punishment, or decrease in behaviour will only occur in presence of one person

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14
Q

Punishment: Verbal Explanation

A

Explaining why punished more effective than if no explanation given
(only for moderate intensity)

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15
Q

Side Effects of Punishment

A 
Fear and anxiety
Reduced Interest
Impaired attention
Aggression
Learned Helplessness
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16
Q

Agression

A

Pain causes rats to bully other rats
Place 2 rats in box, shock one, that rat will start biting the other rat
Pain results in aggression

Modelling:
Spanking kid teaches kid that violence is a response to unwanted behaviour
i.e. someone steals kids toy, kid responds by hitting

17
Q

Learned Helplessness

A

Escapable shock group and inescapable shock group tied together but in different boxes

Escapable- get shock, run to other side, shock turns off

Inescapable- same intensity, duration of shock as escapable group, but they can’t turn it off, depends on their partner (escapable shock rat- once escapable shock rat gets to other side, shock turns off for both rats)

Animals in inescapable animal put into situation where they can escape, but they won’t (just sit there)

18
Q

Aversion Therapy

A

Form of behaviour therapy
Ineffective

Makes person nauseous, give them a cigarette, pair nausea with smoking

Smoking will make him nauseous (but he still wants to smoke), once stimulus is gone, go back to smoking

Rebound effect can occur, causes them to drink more

19
Q

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy

A 
Most effective form of treatment

Reformulate thoughts and feelings that someone has in response to environmental situations 

Changes thought pattern

After 12 months of therapy, behaviour still reduced

20
Q

Side Effects of Punishment

A 
Fear and anxiety
Reduced Interest
Impaired attention
Aggression
Learned Helplessness
21
Q

Agression

A

Pain causes rats to bully other rats
Place 2 rats in box, shock one, that rat will start biting the other rat
Pain results in aggression

Modelling:
Spanking kid teaches kid that violence is a response to unwanted behaviour
i.e. someone steals kids toy, kid responds by hitting

22
Q

Learned Helplessness

A

Escapable shock group and inescapable shock group tied together but in different boxes

Escapable- get shock, run to other side, shock turns off

Inescapable- same intensity, duration of shock as escapable group, but they can’t turn it off, depends on their partner (escapable shock rat- once escapable shock rat gets to other side, shock turns off for both rats)

Animals in inescapable animal put into situation where they can escape, but they won’t (just sit there)

23
Q

Aversion Therapy

A

Form of behaviour therapy
Ineffective

Makes person nauseous, give them a cigarette, pair nausea with smoking

Smoking will make him nauseous (but he still wants to smoke), once stimulus is gone, go back to smoking

Rebound effect can occur, causes them to drink more

24
Q

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy

A 
Most effective form of treatment

Reformulate thoughts and feelings that someone has in response to environmental situations 

Changes thought pattern

After 12 months of therapy, behaviour still reduced

PSYC 2330 (Midterm II) (10 decks)

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