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Neurocognition RESIT > Week 7: Motor control > Flashcards

Week 7: Motor control Flashcards

1
Q

The central motor system is arranged as a hierarchy of control levels, which three?

A
  1. Highest level
  2. Middle level
  3. Lowest level
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2
Q

The central motor system (what are the levels, what are their functions and what brain areas are involved?)

A
  1. Highest level: Strategy: the goal of movement (brain areas: areas of the neocortex (frontal and parietal lobes) and the basal ganglia)
  2. Middle level: Tactics: the sequence of muscle contractions (brain areas: Motor cortex and cerebellum)
  3. Lowest level: Execution: activation of the motor neuron and interneuron pools that generate the goal-directed movement (brain areas: Brain stem and spinal cord)
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3
Q

What is the highest level of the central motor system for?

A

Strategy: the goal of movement

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4
Q

Which brain areas are involved in the highest level of the central motor system?

A
  1. Areas of the neocortex (frontal and parietal lobes)
  2. Basal ganglia
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5
Q

What is the middle level of the central motor system for?

A

Tactics: the sequence of muscle contractions

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6
Q

Which brain areas are involved in the middle level of the central motor system?

A

Motor cortex and cerebellum

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7
Q

What is the lowest level of the central motor system for?

A

Execution: activation of the motor neuron and interneuron pools that generate the goal-directed movement

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8
Q

Which brain areas are involved in the lowest level of the central motor system?

A

Brain stem and spinal cord

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9
Q

To know the positions of your own body in space and how it relates to the positions of others, the mental body image is generated by (3)?

A
  1. Somatosensory input (touch, pressure, pain, temperature, position, movement, and vibration)
  2. Proprioceptive input (sensory input to activate the joints and muscles to become more responsive)
  3. Visual input (sight)

to the posterior parietal cortex

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10
Q

The … and … make a tactical decision and issue instructions to the brain and spinal cord

A

Motor areas and cerebellum

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11
Q

Which areas activates the neurons to cause the movement to be executed?

A

Brain stem and spinal cord

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12
Q

Which of the control levels has a sensory motor system that makes tactical decisions based on memory of sensory information form past movements?

A

Middle level
(motor cortex and the cerebellum)

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13
Q

Axons from the brain descend through the spinal cord trough which two major pathways?

A

Lateral pathways and ventromedial pathways

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14
Q

Which pathways are involved in voluntary movement and under direct cortical control?

A

Lateral pathways

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15
Q

What is the pyramidal decussation?

A

Junction of the medulla and spinal cord

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16
Q

What are the different tracts?

A
  1. Corticospinal tract (the major neuronal pathway providing voluntary motor function)
  2. Vestibulospinal tract (maintain head and eye coordination, upright posture and balance, and conscious realization of spatial orientation and motion)
  3. Tectospinal tract (orienting the eyes and the head towards sounds as part of the auditory and visual reflex)
  4. Pontine (medial) reticulospinal tract (extending the joint)
  5. Medullary (lateral) reticulospinal tract (flexing/tightening the joint)
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17
Q

Which tract originates in the neocortex, 2/3 of axons in the tract originates in the motor cortex and remaining axons derive from somatosensory areas?

A

Corticospinal tract (the major neuronal pathway providing voluntary motor function)

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18
Q

Which pathways are involved in control of posture and locomotion and are under brain stem control?

A

Ventromedial pathways

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19
Q

Which tract of the ventromedial pathway keeps the head balanced on the shoulders as the body moves?

A

Vestibulospinal tract (maintain head and eye coordination, upright posture and balance, and conscious realization of spatial orientation and motion)

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20
Q

Which tract of the ventromedial pathway directs the head and eyes to move so that the appropriate point of space is imaged on the fovea and helps control muscles of the neck, upper trunk and shoulders?

A

Tectospinal tract (orienting the eyes and the head towards sounds as part of the auditory and visual reflex)

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21
Q

Where does the tectospinal tract originate from and was does this area do?

A

Superior colliculus
Constructs a map of the world around us

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22
Q

Which tract of the ventromedial pathway enhances the antigravity reflexes of the spinal cord and helps maintain a standing posture by resisting gravity?

A

The pontine (medial) reticulospinal tract
(inhibit the limb flexors and stimulate the extensors -> extending the joint)

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23
Q

Which tract of the ventromedial pathway liberates the antigravity muscles from reflex control?

A

The medullary (lateral) reticulospinal tract
(stimulate the limb flexors and inhibit the extensors -> flexing/tightening the joint)

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24
Q

Voluntary movements: … pathways
Reflex control: … pathways

A

Voluntary: lateral
Reflex: ventromedial

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25
Q

The motor cortex consists of area 4 and 6, what do they refer to?

A

Area 4: primary motor cortex (M1)
Area 6: premotor area (PMA) and supplementary motor area (SMA)

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26
Q

A mental body image seems to be generated by the posterior parietal lobe, it gets input from area 5 and 7, what do they refer to?

A

Area 5: primary somatosensory cortical areas
Area 7: higher order of visual cortical areas

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27
Q

Which lobes are important for abstract thoughts, decision making and anticipating the consquences of action?

A

Anterior frontal lobes

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28
Q

Area 6 converges axons from the PFC and parietal cortex, in what does it play an important role?

A

In planning of movement (particularly complex movements sequences of far muscles)

29
Q

Which neurons may be part of an extensive brain system for understanding actions and intentions of others also for copying behaviour?

A

Mirror neurons

30
Q

Which brain part consists of the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, the subthalamic nucleus (and substantia nigra)?

A

The basal ganglia

31
Q

Which structures together are called the striatum?

A

The caudate and putamen

32
Q

Which pathway allows the basal ganglia to enhance the initation of desired movements?

A

Direct (excitatory)

33
Q

Which pathway of the basal ganglia is involved in the inhibition of movement?

A

Indirect pathway (inhibitory)

34
Q

Increased inhibition of the thalamus by the basal ganglia leads to?

A

Hypokinesia (lack of movement)

35
Q

Decreased basal ganglia output leads to?

A

Hyperkinesia (excess of movement)

36
Q

What is bradykinesia and akinesia?

A

Bradykinesia: slowness of movement and speed (or progressive hesitations/halts) as movements are continued

Akinesia: difficulty in initiating willed movements

Both in Parkinson’s disease

37
Q

What happens within the basal ganglia in Parkinson’s disease?

A

Degeneration of the substantia nigra neurons and their inputs to the striatum

38
Q

Which neurotransmitter facilitates the direct motor loop by activating the cells in the putamen?

A

Dopamine

39
Q

Which disorder is characterised by hyperkinesia, dyskinesias (involuntary, erratic, writhing movements of the face, arms, legs or trunk), dementia and disorder of personality?

A

Huntington’s disease

40
Q

What is chorea?

A

Spontaneous, uncontrollable and purposeless movements

41
Q

What happens within the basal ganglia in Huntingtons?

A

Loss of neurons in the caudate nucleus, putamen and globus pallidus

42
Q

What disorder can be caused by damage to the subthalamic nucleus?

A

Ballism - involuntary hurling/flinging, irregular, frequently violent movements of the shoulder and arm (on one side of the body) while the patient is awake

43
Q

The larger the population of neurons presenting a type of movement, the finer the possible control, is called the?

A

Malleable motor map - leads to a prediction

44
Q

Critical motor functions belong to which brain area?

A

Cerebellum

45
Q

Lesions in the cerebellum can lead to which kind of movement disorders?

A

Ataxia (= without coordination) or dyssynergia (disturbance of muscular coordination, resulting in uncoordinated and abrupt movements)

46
Q

What is ataxia?

A

Degenerative disease of the nervous system,
giving trouble with coordination

(symptoms are slurred speech, stumbling, falling, inaccurate movements and incoordination)

47
Q

What is Dyssynergia?

A

Disturbance of muscular coordination, resulting in uncoordinated and abrupt movements

48
Q

What is the vermis in the cerebellum?

A

The vermis separates the two lateral cerebellar hemispheres and sends output to the brain stem structures

49
Q

How much premotor areas in addition to the primaray motor cortex do we have?

A

Six (seven in total)

50
Q

Cortical inputs to the primary motor cortex arise from which areas (2)?

A
  1. Frontal premotor areas
  2. Parietal somatosensory areas
51
Q

Some aspects of higher order processes such as reward value, context and motor goals are presented in which area?

A

A premotor area

52
Q

Which areas are involved in the control and initiation/genesis of movement disorders?

A

The basal ganglia and cerebellum

53
Q

Which basal ganglia structure is important in planning complex sequences?

A

Striatum (the caudate and putamen)

54
Q

Sequences with greater planning requirements appear to be associated with greater activation only in which side/areas?

A

Left parietal and premotor areas

55
Q

Damage in the … lobe disrupts the ability to maintain internal representations and produces deficitis in motor imagery

A

Parietal

56
Q

Left/right hemisphere damage produces deficits in planning, refelected as impaired control of movements direction

A

Left

57
Q

Left/right hemisphere damage causes problems achieving and stabalising the arm at a desired goal location

A

Right

58
Q

The explicit learning system relies on … memory and … control, whereas the implicit system relies more on the …

A

Working memory, executive attentional control, basal ganglia

59
Q

Damage of the (left/right) … cortex disrupts motor adaption, what suggests that it is critical for motor planning and updating new internal representations

A

Left parietal

60
Q

What is apraxia?

A

Difficulty with motor planning to perform tasks or movements

61
Q

Limb praxis is most commonly associated with …. regions on the (left/right) hemisphere

A

Fronto-parietal regions, left

62
Q

What is ideomotor apraxia?

A
  1. Planning deficits
  2. Impaired ability to update motor plans trough learning (intact understanding of what task requires but loss of access to kinetic memory)
63
Q

What does the vestibular system do?

A

Gives us information of motion, head/body position and orientation

64
Q

What are the three stages of motor learning?

A
  1. Early/cognitive – declarative, verbal selftalk
  2. Associative – detect and eliminate errors, link components
  3. Autonomous – automatic, frees up conscious working memory
65
Q

In Huntington’s disease, the indirect pathway becomes more/less active leading to over-/understimulation of the thalamus

In Parkinson’s disease, the indirect pathway becomes more/less active leading to over-/understimulation of the thalamus

A

Huntington’s disease: less, overstimulation (too little inhibition leading to more movement)
Parkinson’s disease: more, understimulation (too much inhibition leading to stiffening up of the person)

66
Q

What is Ideation Apraxia?

A

Wrong execution of an action because they don’t know what to do. They have lost the perception of the object’s purpose

67
Q

Which apraxia is associated with left frontoparietal damage?

A

Ideomotor apraxia

68
Q

Basal ganglia dysfunction is associated with motor learning deficits in implicit/explicit learning

A

Implicit

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