Week 5: Emotion and motivation Flashcards
What parts of the brain are involved in the functions of central emotions and participate in emotional expression, according to Papez (4)?
- Hypothalamus
- Anterior thalamic nucleus
- Cingulate gyrus
- Hippocampus
What part of the brain might be involved in the elaboration of experience, according to Papez?
Cingulate gyrus
According to Tucker and Ross, which hemisphere may be more involved in processing emotions?
Right hemisphere
Which hemisphere, according to Ross et al., might be more involved in negative emotions and which one more in social forms of emotion?
Right hemisphere more negative emotions
Left hemisphere social emotions
The assumption that emotional mechanisms may be subserved by …?
Subcortical brain structures:
1. Thalamus
2. Basal ganglia
3. Hippocampus
4. Amygdala
5. Nucleus accumbens
Where are the basic systems for primative fear-anger emotions located?
In the amygdala
Are emotions equally represented in the right and left hemisphere?
No
The asymmetry of emotions being represented in the hemispheres may be due to what?
Cognitive factors
… must be considered as a multicomponent adaptive system, integrated in the … system
Emotions, cognitive
Emotions are behavioural reactions and can be distinguished into two categories
- Simple, primative and hard wired behavioural patterns
- More complex and learned cognitive activities
Most authors consider the emotional and cognitive system as advanced adaptive systems based on components aimed at (4):
- Scanning external milieu
- Selecting and analysing relevant stimuli
- Providing appropriate response
- Learning to give a subjective/emotional or objective/cognitive meaning to stimuli
The ventral striatum, ventral pallidum and the basal ganglia have been considered to be involved in the execution of …
Emotional responses
The emotional processing system is … organised
Hierarchially
According to Levental, the lowest level of the emotional system is formed by a set of …
Innate neuromotor programs
Which two higher levels of emotional processing are there, according to the perceptual motor theory of emotion (Levental)?
Schematic level and the conceptual level
What is the schematic level of emotional processing based on?
A mechanism of conditioned learning (subcortical)
What is the conceptual level of emotional processing based on?
The functioning of the semantic declarative memory system (about general factual information, knowledge, and concepts about the world)
What is the difference between cortical and subcortical?
The cortex is where many of the higher-level functions take place (e.g. decision-making and language)
‘Subcortex’ means ‘beneath the cortex’. The subcortex is where we process more primitive functions (e.g. emotion processed in the amygdala).
The schematic level relies on subcortical/cortical functions and the conceptual levels relies on subcortical/cortical functions?
Subcortical (primitive functions), cortical (higher-level functions as decision making)
The left/right hemisphere plays a critical role in functions of emotional control
Left hemisphere
Vegetative response to emotional stimuli is higher in left/right brain-damage people
Left brain-damage
Hemisphere asymmetries for emotional functions could be due to greater emotional involvement of the right/left hemisphere subcortical structures
Right hemisphere
Hemisphere asymmetries could be due to a right/left hemisphere cortical dominance for cognitive and control functions
Left hemisphere
Of what parts does the triune brain consist?
Reptilian brain, mammalian brain and neocortex
What do we call the oldest layer of the brain that is composed of the brainstem, medulla, pons, cerebellum, midbrain, glovus pallidus and olfactory bulbs?
Reptilian brain
What is included in the reptilian brain (5)?
- Medulla
- Pons
- Cerebellum
- Globus pallidus
- Olfactory bulbs
This brain layer does not learn well from experience but is inclined to repeat instinctual behaviours. This part of the brain controls survival activities like breathing, heart rate and balance
(reptilian brain/mammalian brain/neocortex)
Reptilian brain
What do we call the brain layered over the reptilian brain? It consists of the system of brain parts called limbic system (reptilian brain/mammalian brain/neocortex)
Mammalian brain
The systems in this brain are evolved to respons to evolutionary pressure such as danger, reproductive and nurturance needs, and acquisition of food
(reptilian brain/mammalian brain/neocortex)
Mammalian brain
What do we call the cover of the cerebral hemispheres? It is home to our complex cognitive, linguistic, motor, sensory and social abilities. It is also the newest addition to the triune brain
Neocortex or primate brain (cortex + subcorticale nuclei, such as basal ganglia)
What gives us flexibility and creativity in adapting to changeable environment?
(reptilian brain/mammalian brain/neocortex)
Neocortex or primate brain
Panksepp has offered a functional definition of an emotional system. The first four emotion systems that appear shortly after birth are:
- Seeking
- Fear
- Rage
- Panic
According to Panksepp there are 3 special-purpose systems developing at different stages, what are those emotions systems? (following seeking, fear, rage and panic)
- Lust
- Care
- Play
The … system is a neural system for avoiding pain or injury. It is based in the central and lateral nuclei of the amygdala and responds to stimuli arriving from the thalamus
Fear system
LeDoux has labelled the two sensory input pathways to the amygdala as …?
Low and high road
LeDoux: this road (low or high) is only capable of low spatial resolution of stimuli and can respond to only simple stimuli or gross characteristics of complex stimuli
Low road/thalamus-amygdala
LeDoux: this road is more influenced by social and personal decision-making processes and can reflect culture-specific emotional responses
High road/ thalamus-sensory cortex-amygdala
… neglect is a deficit in body perception and visuospatial processing in individuals who have lesions in their parietal cortex
Parietal (damage to the temporo-parietal junction and posterior parietal cortex)
What do we call it, when two different stimuli are presented simultaneously in the right and left visual field and patients with right neglect will report not being able to see the stimulus in their left visual field
Extinction
According to results form Vuilleumeir’s study, something activated the amygdala in patients with right hemisphere parietal damage. Even when the stimuli was on the neglected side. What was it?
Fearful faces
What do we call the ability to react in behaviourally appropriate ways to specific objects without awareness of the stimuli?
Blindsight (a phenomenon in which patients with damage in the primary visual cortex of the brain can tell where an object is although they claim they cannot see it)
What do people with bilateral amygdala damage fail to look at?
The eyes when judging facial expression
What receptors are activated with extinction (the gradual weakening of a conditioned response = Pavlovian)?
NMDA receptors in the amygdala (play a role in triggering the neural changes that support fear learning and also the loss of fear that accompanies extinction training)
When activation in enhanced, extinction is increased
Memories become permanent through a process of protein synthesis, what is this called?
Consolidation
What kind of coping strategies do people use?
- Reappraisal (looking more positive at things)
- Reinterpretation
Panksepp described the SEEKING system with two primary reward pathways, which are those?
- Mesolimbic dopamine pathway (rewarding effects of drugs and foods)
- Mesocortical dopamine pathway (cognitive control, motivation, and emotional response)
Dopamine neurons respond more to predicted/unpredicted rewards (reward prediction error theory)
Unpredicted
Reward prediction error theory: the response to the reward itself disappears when the reward is predicted
What are the three components of the reward prediction theory?
- Liking
- Learning
- Wanting
Natural rewards and abuse of drugs act in different ways on the … dopamine system
Mesolimbic
Which component theory did James-Lange come up with?
Physiology drives processes
(physical changes in the body happen first, which then leads to the experience of emotion. Emotions stem from your interpretation of your physical sensations)
Which component theory did Cannon come up with?
Cognition drives processes
(stimulating events trigger feelings and physical reactions that occur at the same time)
Which component theory did Strack et al. come up with?
Expression drives processes
(people’s affective responses can be influenced by their own facial expression (e.g., smiling, pouting), even when their expression did not result from their emotional experiences)
Who invented the dimension model (valence and arousal)?
Russell
Each affective state can be represented by two dimensions: arousal and valence
Arousal indicates the level of a person’s involvement in reaction to a stimulus
Valence defines the positive or negative state in response to a stimulus. High values of valence = pleasant situations, low values = unpleasant
What does the discrete system model entail and who uses it?
Small set of basic emotions (seeking, rage, fear, panic, lust care and play)
Panksepp
Which three core components are there within emotion?
- Physiological arousal
- Expression
- Subjective feeling
What do we call an emotion that can last for days, weeks or months?
Mood
What do we call an emotions that lasts a lifetime?
Personality trait
Who argues that the emotional system is an emergency system that can take action, to quickly select a new operative schedule. Is based on modules (automata) that automatically generises signals and triggers a response
Oatley & Johnson-Laird
Emotional responses are determined by what? (subcortical and neocortex)
- Classical conditioning for stimuli that were thus previously linked to pleasure/pain (subcortical)
- Cognitive perception of stimuli in certain context (neocortex)
What did reseachers conclude in affective blindsight studies? (ability of such patients to respond correctly to visual emotional expressions presented to their blind fields)
That recognition of fear is mandatory and independent of awareness. So fearful faces can be processed without awareness despite the damage
What do we call a behavior conditioning method that presents the stimuli in a reverse order, that is, the unconditioned stimulus (US) occurs before the neutral stimulus (NS)?
Reverse conditioning
What produces more dopamine? The anticipation or the receiving of the reward?
The anticipation of reward
The hedonic feeling of (liking/wanting/learning) is dissociable from the dopamine system
Liking (likeability appears to depend on a separate system involving the shell of the nucleus accumbens)
Which drug inhibits reuptake and which drug increases dopamine release?
Cocaine inhibits reuptake and amphetamine increases release
What are the 3 components of expectancy theory (in between the stages effort, performance, outcome, motivation)?
The expectancy theory hinges on three elements:
1. Expectancy
2. Instrumentality
3. Valence
What is the emphasis of the classical motivation and reward theory?
Maintaining homeostasis/physiological balance
Drive theory: states that deviations from homeostasis create physiological needs that result in psychological drive which results in direct behavior to meet the need and ultimately bring the system back to homeostasis
What is a N-back task?
N-back tasks involve the continuous sequences of stimuli (e.g., images or letters), presented one-by-one in which participants must determine if the currently presented stimulus is the same as the stimulus presented n trails before (e.g., 1, 2, or 3)
Measures working memory and working memory capacity
What did the reward modulated n-back test from Thurm concluded?
Better memory if reward is better
What is anhedonia?
Lack of pleasure
Motivation/pleasure is mostly implemented in frontal cortical areas that receive input from subcortical areas
Pleasure
