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Intro to evolutionary psychology and behaviour (y2s1) > Week 7 Lecture 6 - conflict > Flashcards

Week 7 Lecture 6 - conflict Flashcards

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1
Q

What doe competition result in?

A

conflict

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2
Q

What is conflict often resolved by?

A

aggression

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3
Q

What are 3 types of conflict?

A
  • scramble competition –> equal opportunity to access a limited resource
  • contest competition –> winner takes all
  • spiteful competition –> competing so someone else suffers
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4
Q

Is warfare a cultural universal?

A

yes

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5
Q

What is the best predictor of warfare? Why?

A

a high proportion of young men in a population:
- men physically better adapted for war (and violence in general

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6
Q

Is warfare a cooperative enterprise?

A

yes

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7
Q

For war to exist the benefits must outweigh the costs. Give some examples of benefits of war.

A
  • access to mates and resources
  • destruction of rivals
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8
Q

What are 2 possible products of cultural group selection?

A
  • parochialism
  • xenophobia
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9
Q

What is parochialism?

A
  • in-group favouritism
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10
Q

What is xenophobia?

A
  • out-group hostility
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11
Q

Why have kids?

A
  • ultimate reason for having sex (not a good proximate reason)
  • the kids have to be able to reproduce, otherwise there’s no point
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12
Q

How do you calculate relatedness (r)?

A
  • path analysis –> trace pedigree from actor to recipient
  • 1/2 of each parent’s genes passes on to each offspring
  • probability of sharing a gene is the product sum of the independent probabilities and the sum of the separate paths
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13
Q

What is the parental investment theory?

A
  • you have resources as a parent and you will invest them in your child
  • this in turn should improve the child’s fitness
  • but this may cost the parent’s ability to invest in other children
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14
Q

What are the three fundamental trade-offs in parental investment theory

A
  • energy devoted to parenting cannot be used for other functions (e.g., mating, maintenance)
  • how much to invest in current as opposed to future offspring
  • quantity vs quality
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15
Q

What is the trade-off between quality and quantity of offspring also known as?

A

r/k theory

k = carrying capacity
r = growth rate

have either an r strategy (quantity) or a k strategy (quality)

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16
Q

What did a study into parental investment theory and money left in wills find?

A
  • people leave more in will for kin with higher relatedness
  • however, leave more to kids and than siblings (have same relatedness)
  • also leave more to spouses
17
Q

What are parental biases?

A
  • adjust level of investment
  • goal is to produce grandchildren
18
Q

Who invests the most to the least in grandparental investment?

A
  • maternal grandmother (due to paternal certainty)
  • maternal grandfather
  • paternal grandmother
  • paternal grandfather
19
Q

True or false?
adoptions are an exception to kin-based investment

A

true

20
Q

Why invest in kids?

A
  • they are cute –> can be adaptive by acting as a proximate mechanism for extracting care –> can also be exploited
  • neoteny (juvenalisation)
  • delayed development
  • elicit parental affection
21
Q

What are examples of in utero conflict?

A
  • spontaneous abortion –> embryo must honestly signal quality by releasing a hormone
  • competition for blood
  • pregnancy sickness –> prevent ingestion of teratogen and abortifacients
22
Q

What is an example of post natal conflict?

A
  • weaning conflict
23
Q

What are some examples of parent-offspring conflict with mum?

A

parental resources:
- the burden of twins
- widowhood
- young, single women and abortion

24
Q

What are some examples of parent-offspring conflict with mum (and dad)?

A

Cinderella effect
- stepparents are more likely to abuse and kill “their” kids than biological parents
- consistent with parental investment theory

25
Q

What are some examples of parent-offspring conflict with dad?

A
  • paternity uncertainty –> infant appearance: anonymity, or like dad?

in animals can lead to infanticide

26
Q

Does infanticide occur in humans?

A

yes
- scheduling investment
- culturally universal

27
Q

What are some causes of infanticide in humans?

A
  • paternity uncertainty
  • offspring quality
  • paternal resources
  • selective infanticide
28
Q

What is selective infanticide?

A
  • getting rid of offspring to achieve a certain sex ratio
29
Q

What is Trivers-Willard hypothesis?

A
  • invest more in males when in good condition and more in females when in poor condition
  • invest most in the most valuable sex
30
Q

What are some more general examples of parent-offspring conflict?

A
  • honour killings –> typically directed at sisters and daughters
  • chastity guarding –> reproductive control by parents
  • sibling rivalry, siblicide –> surplus offspring, siblings killing each other over resources
31
Q

Is aggression adaptive?

A
  • co-opt resources
  • defence
  • intra-sexual competition –> particularly male-male competition
  • dominance and status
  • deterrence of aggression –> e.g., punishment can deter theft
  • inter-sexual coercion
32
Q

Why is there sexual aggression?

A
  • males benefit more from polygyny, females benefit more from monogamy
  • the result is sexual jealousy
  • males more likely to regard mates as “property” leading to sexual coercion
  • rape has been proposed as a conditional mating strategy
33
Q

What are the sex differences in aggression?

A
  • women less physically violent than men
  • women more likely to kill men out of self defence
34
Q

80% homicides committed by men, regardless of culture
What could this be a by product of?

A
  • sexual jealousy
  • sexual loss –> abandoned males more likely to kill
35
Q

True or false?
men are more likely to be victims of aggression, especially young men

A

true

36
Q

Is aggression learned?

A
  • evidence for video games and TV leading to violence are sketchy at best
37
Q

Is aggression cultural?

A
  • there are cultural elements
  • culture of honour
  • southern states of US are more aggressive to insults regarding reputation
38
Q

Is there evolutionary origins to aggression?

A
  • based on an evolutionary (sociobiological) approach to anthropology
  • successful warriors had more offspring
  • highly controversial work led to fierce attacks by anthropologists

potentially yes

Intro to evolutionary psychology and behaviour (y2s1) (7 decks)

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