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Intro to evolutionary psychology and behaviour (y2s1) > Week 5 Lecture 5 - sex > Flashcards

Week 5 Lecture 5 - sex Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the cost of meosis?

A

only half of one’s genes go to offspring

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2
Q

What is the cost of courtship and mating?

A

have to first find a mate and then convince them to mate

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3
Q

What population will grow exponentially, a sexual population or an asexual one?

A

an asexual one

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4
Q

What is Fisher’s principle?

A
  • a sexual pop. should produce an equal number of males and females (1:1)
  • the rarer sex is at an advantage
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5
Q

What is the Red Queen Hypothesis?

A
  • reproduction is an arms race in a constantly changing environment
  • explain extinction and evolution of sex
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6
Q

What environment changes rapidly enough to fit with the Red Queen Hypothesis?

A

parasites, harmful bacteria, disease etc.
need diversity to overcome these

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7
Q

Do you need faster or slower evolution to overcome rapidly changing enviroments?

A
  • faster evolution
  • genetic variability to adapt to changing environments (Fisher)
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8
Q

What is Muller’s ratchet?

A

accumulation of harmful mutations in asexual species

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9
Q

What are raffles?

A

sex in more unpredictable environments

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10
Q

What is the best theory for the evolution of sex?

A

Red Queen Hypothesis –> adapting to parasites

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11
Q

What is sexual selection?

A

differences among individuals in mating success
- often appears to run contrary to natural selection

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12
Q

What is sexual asymmetry?

A
  • the difference between males and females of a species
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13
Q

Where does sexual asymmetry stem from?

A

the principle of gametic differences

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14
Q

What is the principle of gametic differences?

A

eggs are more expensive than sperm
females are more “precious”

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15
Q

What in Intrasexual competiton?

A

males have to compete with other males for access to females

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16
Q

What is intersexual competition?

A

females have fewer opportunities to mate and must be discriminating

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17
Q

True or false?
Males are more invested in competition and females invest more in offspring

A

True

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18
Q

What is runaway selction?

A

females choose for ‘best’ males
- daughters more likely to choose the same traits
- sons more likely to have those traits

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19
Q

What is parental investment theory (Trivers)

A

across species, females typically invest more the the offspring

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20
Q

What are 2 other theories of sexual asymmetry?

A
  • Handicap principle
  • Parasite theory
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21
Q

What is the Handicap principle?

A

ornaments honestly signal quality by being costly

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22
Q

What is parasite theory?

A

ornaments are a direct display of health (parasite resistance)

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23
Q

What is reproductive skew?

A

males typically have greater variance in reproductive success than females

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24
Q

What was Anderson’s study on female choice?

A
  • manipulated tail length of male widowbirds
  • territories were all of equal size
  • females 4 time more likely to nest in long-tailed male territories
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25
Q

What percentage of males and females, across societies, report having same-sex partners?

A

2-10%

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26
Q

Is there a single continuum for opposite-sex to same-sex preference?

A

no

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27
Q

Do some people argue that there is a biological basis for homosexuality?
What is this?

A

yes but based largely on correlational evidence

  • homosexual males may be “good uncle” –> forgo having offspring to provide more nurturing care
  • homosexuality may be a by product of other traits
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28
Q

What are mating systems?

A

sexual relationships among males and females

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29
Q

What is polgyny?

A

one male mates with several females

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30
Q

what is effective polygyny?

A

greater variance in male reproductive success

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31
Q

What is the result of polygyny?

A

greater sexual dimorphism –> larger males have more mates

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32
Q

Where is polygyny found?

A
  • most mammals
  • 2% of birds
  • in humans: permitted in most societies (83%), accounts for less than half of marriages
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33
Q

What is the polygyny threshold model?

A

females can be better off (higher fitness) by mating with a male who already has a mate (bigamy) because of qualities of the male

e.g., territory, food supply etc.

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34
Q

What is polyandry?

A

one female mates with several males

35
Q

What is effective polyandry?

A

greater variance in female reproductive success

36
Q

Where does polyandry exist?

A
  • virtually non-existent in mammals
  • <0.5% of birds
  • humans: 0.5% of societies
37
Q

What is polygynandry?

A

males and females mate with more than one partner

38
Q

What is monogamy?

A

one male mates with one female

39
Q

What is serial monogamy?

A

mate and separate

40
Q

Where does monogamy occur?

A
  • in some ungulates and primates, carnivores and a few mammals
  • occurs in 92% of birds
  • humans: 16% of societies permit only monogamy
41
Q

Who tends to benefit most from monogamy?

A

females

42
Q

Who tends to benefit most from polygyny?

A

males

43
Q

What is Bateman’s rule?

A

the sex that invests more in offspring is the resource to be competed for by the other sex

44
Q

What are the 2 main types of mating strategies?

A

short term and long term

45
Q

What did David Buss find when researching what people look for in an ideal mate?

A

many similarities e.g., mutual attraction, dependable character, emotional stability, pleasing disposition

46
Q

What are the costs and benefits of male STM?

A

costs:
- STDs, reputation, lower offspring survival, Intrasexual aggression, retaliation

benefits:
- even a small increase in number of offspring produced can outweigh costs

47
Q

What is the Coolidge effect?

A

males should look for any available mating opportunity; they are therefore more attracted to novel females

48
Q

What do males prefer concerning variety and number in STM?

A
  • males do desire more sex partners
  • lower standard for STM
  • short time lags between meeting a partner and seeking sex
49
Q

What do males prefer concerning accessibility in STM?

A

sensitivity to behaviour signalling sexual readiness

50
Q

What do males prefer concerning closing time in STM?

A
  • lower standards for age, intelligence, compatibility, reputation, personality
  • standards becomes even lower when likelihood of success diminishes
51
Q

Do males in STM avoid commitment?

A

yes

52
Q

What is an EPC?

A

extra-pair copulations

53
Q

What do males prefer concerning EPCs in STM?

A
  • males seek more extramarital affairs
  • males seek sex workers
54
Q

What are the costs and benefits of STM for females?

A

costs:
- unwanted pregnancy, reputation, loss of resources from mate, abuse

benefits:
- resources, genes, mate inspection

55
Q

What do females prefer concerning resources in STM?

A
  • meat, shelter, services, protection
  • assess resourcefulness of males
  • career enhancement
56
Q

Why might EPCs occur for females in regards to resources?

A

current partner might not be a good provider

57
Q

What do females prefer concerning genes in STM?

A
  • novel mates contribute to outbreeding - introduce new alleles to offspring
58
Q

Why might EPCs occur for females regarding genes?

A

current partner might be infertile or not performing

59
Q

What do females prefer concerning male switching in STM?

A
  • affairs can aid in dropping a stale mate
  • current mate may also be having affairs
  • women value commitment in ST mates more than males
60
Q

What is the role of self esteem in STM?

A
  • high sexual esteem males have more STM
  • high sexual esteem females have fewer STM, whereas low esteem females have more STM
61
Q

Why might males choose monogmay?

A
  • non-monogamous males aren’t as likely to mate
  • monogamous males have wider choice of females
  • paternity certainty
  • improved offspring survival
62
Q

Why might males by choosy?

A
  • sperm is cheap, sex is not
  • in LT mates, males choose good mums, for ST they choose sexual enthusiasm
63
Q

What do males prefer concerning fertility in LTM?

A
  • fertile female
64
Q

What is fertility rate?

A

the number of children an average woman gives birth to

65
Q

Is fertility difficult to observe?

A

yes (loss of oestrus)
ovulation concealed, sexual activity acyclic

66
Q

What is reproductive value?

A

potential future reproductive output

67
Q

What do males prefer concerning youth in LTM?

A
  • men desire younger women (average by 2.5 years)
  • age difference increases with age of male
  • teenager prefer women a few years older (closer to fertility)
68
Q

What do males prefer concerning beauty in LTM?

A
  • physical youthfulness
  • behavioural youthfulness
  • males value beauty of a mate more than females
69
Q

What do males prefer concerning symmetry and averageness in LTM?

A
  • symmetry is an indicator of health, age and good development
  • face must still conform to population average
70
Q

What do males prefer concerning waist to hip ratio in LTM?

A
  • WHR of 0.7 is preferred
  • health and fertility correlated with this
71
Q

What do males prefer concerning ovulation in LTM?

A
  • ovulating females should be more precious, therefore mate selection and mate-guarding should peak
  • ovulating females may present subtle cues that they are ovulating –> males may only be responding to cues
72
Q

What do males prefer concerning paternity certainty in LTM?

A
  • increased paternity uncertainty could lead to increased mate-guarding and hence monogamy
    -premarital chastity and post marital sexual fidelity assure certainty
73
Q

What do males prefer concerning context and reality in LTM?

A
  • when in a position to choose, males select youth and beauty
74
Q

What do males and females advertise respectively?

A

males advertise resources
females advertise appearances

75
Q

Why do females choose LTM?

A
  • higher parental investment
  • must be more careful to avoid bad matings
76
Q

What do females prefer concerning resources in LTM?

A
  • evidence of “providers”
  • resources should be accruable, defensible and controllable
  • future financial prospects
  • females value status, ambition and other resource traits in long-term mates
77
Q

What do females prefer concerning status and age in LTM?

A
  • position in hierarchy reflects ability to hold resources
  • education and professional degrees count
  • status often improves with age
78
Q

What do females prefer concerning dependability and stability in LTM?

A
  • emotionally unstable men are more harmful
79
Q

What do females prefer concerning physical condition LTM?

A
  • athletic ability can mean protection
  • choose males that are winners
  • resist males to test their endurance and to attract competitors
  • health indicates good genes and reduced parasites
  • select for traits that are hard to fake
80
Q

What do females prefer concerning fluctuating asymmetry in LTM?

A
  • indicator of potential developmental defects
81
Q

What do females prefer concerning 2D:4D in LTM?

A
  • lower ratio linked to prenatal androgens
  • correlated with assertiveness, aggressiveness, athleticism, risk taking
82
Q

What is 2D:4D?

A

ratio of 2nd digit to 4th digit (index finger to ring finger)

83
Q

What do females prefer concerning love and investment in LTM?

A
  • assess willingness to commit and invest resources
  • want to ensure monogamy
84
Q

What do females prefer concerning mated males in LTM?

A
  • mate with a male that other females choose
  • rely on their experience and save time

Intro to evolutionary psychology and behaviour (y2s1) (7 decks)

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