week 7 and 8

Question 1

media influence, 3 types

Answer 1

1. direct and immediate
2. little
3. select influence and long-term consequences

Question 2

phases of media effects over time

Answer 2

1. all powerful media (press-freedom, democracy)
2. powerful media to the test
3. powerful media rediscovered
4. negotiated media influence
5. media effects and new media

Question 3

hypodermic needle theory/ magic bullet theory

Answer 3

media injects the message into audience’s mind –> causes change in audience behavior and psyche

Question 4

media effects

Answer 4

1. direct response to the stimulus
2. very powerful
3. uniform

Question 5

mass society theory

Answer 5

homogeneity, decline in interpersonal relations
crowd behaviors
media as a source of socialization

Question 6

selective exposure
selective understanding
selective recall

Answer 6

people choose to focus on things that support their beliefs

reinforces existing opinions and beliefs

remembering things that match interest/knowledge/beliefs

Question 7

a two step flow

Answer 7

opinion leaders follow the media and influence their audience with the messages

Question 8

Limited/minimal effects theory

Answer 8

1. media’s impact is weak and short-lived
2. selective exposure, understanding, recall
3. two-step flow

Question 9

spiral of silence

Answer 9

people holding views different from the dominant views, keep their opinions to themselves in fear of rejection

Question 10

cultivation hypothesis

Answer 10

more viewers are exposed to violence –> more fear and ‘‘mean world’’ syndrome they have

Question 11

mainstreaming

Answer 11

tv symbols dominate sources of information and ideas about the world

Question 12

agenda setting

Answer 12

ability of media to tell on what to think based on the issues covered more frequently and prominently

Question 13

factors that determine the agenda

Answer 13

1. politicians
2. journalists (gatekeepers)
   audience

Question 14

framing

Answer 14

the context in how a fact is placed in the media; how the same fact of question is presented (yogurt with 10% fat or 90% fat free)

Question 15

online media influences

Answer 15

1. echo-chambers and algorithms
2. computational propaganda/fake news/misinformation
3. hate speech

Question 16

mediatization
medium theory
mediatization of society

Answer 16

degree to which culture and society become dependent on the media and their logic

media penetrates daily life through the variety of ways users adopt and adapt in it

1. extends the ability to communicate across time and space
2. replaces forms of face-to-face interactions
3. coexist with everyday communication
4. encourages people to adjust their behavior and attitude

Question 17

mediatization of politics

Answer 17

sound bites
spin doctors
politics as spectator sport

Question 18

media logic

Answer 18

process and principles through which these platforms transmit and communicate information; various needs associated with the production processes for a particular medium

Question 19

globalisation

Answer 19

1. internationalization of finance and trade
2. development of international organizations
3. growth of transnational NGOs
4. diffusion of digital technologies (media and culture)

Question 20

driving forces

dimensions

Answer 20

1. money
2. technology

a. changing role of geography and physical distance –> real-time communication around the world
b. content of communication –> culture becomes more accessible to larger number of people

Question 21

globalization of the media

Answer 21

cultural products that are available around the world

Question 22

TV-format

Answer 22

show that can generate a distinctive narrative and is licensed outside its country of origin in order to be adapted to local audiences

Question 23

5 trends that expand global creative industries and the cultural exchange

Answer 23

1. deregulation of national, cultural and media policy: trade liberalization
2. global incomes that allow spending’s on media and cultural products
3. technological changes and digitalization
4. global rise of service industries
5. expansion of international trade

Question 24

consequences of deregulation of national, cultural and media policy: trade liberalization: challenges for national governments

Answer 24

1. pressure from global media conglomerates and transnational private capital = national markets cannot regulate powerful companies
2. global free trade agreements circumvent the control of national governments: sets rules governments have to follow
3. borderless nature of the internet - difficult to constrain with national regulations

Question 25

global village

Answer 25

people all around the world are interconnected because of new media technology

Question 26

cultural imperialism

Answer 26

Western media products introduced into other countries contribute to a decline in local traditional values

Question 27

4 models of cultural globalization

Answer 27

1. cultural imperialism - center-periphery - global media conglomerates - homogenization of culture
2. cultural flows/networks - two-way flows - regional and national conglomerates and corporations - hybridization of culture
3. reception theory (active audiences) - center-periphery/multidirectional - audiences - negotiation, resistance
4. cultural policy strategies (preservation, resistance) - framing of national cultures - ministries of culture and trade - competition, negotiation

Question 28

hybridisation

Answer 28

cultural element blends into another culture by modifying the element to fit cultural norms

Question 29

limitations of the cultural imperialism approach

Answer 29

a. doesn’t distinguish between different types of media
b. assumes a passive audience
c. underestimates the role played by local media and cultural industries
d. adapt their products to local markets
e. ideological diversity of media products is neglected