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Block 3 > Week 7 > Flashcards

Week 7 Flashcards

1
Q

What are Call-Exner Bodies?

A
  • begin the formation of the antrum
  • liquor folliculi fills the space
    • fluid made by Granulosa cells
    • rich in hylauronate, steriods, growth factors, and gonadotropins
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1
Q

What is the function of sertoli cells?

A
  • primary target of testosterone and androgens
  • forms blood testis barrier
  • phagocytosis excess material
  • secrete ABP and inhibin
  • makes and secretes
    • testicular fluid
    • testicular transferrin
    • plasminogen activator
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2
Q

What are the three phases of spermatogenesis?

A
  • Spermatocytogenesis
    • spermatogonia undergo mitosis
  • Meiosis
    • 1º spermatocyte > 2º spermatocyte > spermatids
  • Spermiogenesis
    • spermatids > spermatozoa
  • Takes 74 days
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2
Q

What is the role of testosterone in the male?

A
  • necessary for
    • spermiogenesis
    • male differentiation in utero - cryptorchidism
  • influences metabolism
  • affects behavior and libido
  • 95% comes from Leydig cells and 5% from adrenal
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3
Q

What is oocyte maturation Inhibitor?

A
  • OMI made by the follicular cell and goes through the gap junction to reach the oocyte
  • OMI prevents oocyte from undergoing spontaneous meitoic maturation
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3
Q

What do theca interna cells do?

A
  • supply the follicular cells with androstenedione to produce estradiol
    • creates theca interna-follicular cell synergism
  • Absorb cholesterol from the blood stream to make the androstenedione
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3
Q

Describe what the umbilical artery supplies?

A
  • first branch of anterior interal iliac
  • forms superior vesical artery
    • supplies superior bladder and distal ureter
  • carries blood from fetus to placenta
    • after birth forms a solid fibrous cord
  • medial umbilical ligament
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5
Q

What does the iliolumbar of posterior internal iliac divide into and supply?

A
  • first branch off the posterior internal illiac artery
  • divides into
    • iliac branch
      • into the iliac fossa to supply iliacus and ilium
    • lumbar branch
      • posterior abdominal wall, psoas major and quadratus lumborum muscles
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6
Q

What are the three glycoproteins that make up the zona pellucida?

A
  • ZP1
  • ZP2
  • ZP3
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6
Q

Where are Leydig (intersitial) cells located and what is there function?

A
  • located in interstitium along with blood vessels and lymphatics
  • function
    • secrete testosterone during fetal period for male sexual differentiation
    • go dormant at birth
    • at puberty, under LH stimulation, secrete testosterone
    • prolactin increases steriodgenesis
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6
Q

What are the layers of the Ductus Deferens?

A
  • Mucosa
    • pseudostratified columnar epithelium with sterocilia
    • lamina propria with elastic fibers
  • Muscularis externa
    • Inner longitudinal, middle circular, outer longitudinal
  • Adventitia
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6
Q

What neuronal innervation stimulates lubrication?

A
  • parasympathetic function
    • stimulate secretion of mucus from urethral glands and bulbourethral glands
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6
Q

What is the innervation of the bladder during urination?

A
  • sympathetic
    • internal urethral sphincter contraction - inhibit bladder contraction
  • parasympathetic
    • bladder contraction IUS relaxation
  • Somatomotor
    • external urethral sphincter contraction (pudendal)
  • sensory
    • viscerosensory - peritoneal surface and subperitoneal bladder
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6
Q

What is the venous drainage in the pelvis?

A
  • extensive venous plexuses forming the pelvic plexus of veins
  • venous drains into internal iliac veins > common iliac veins\
  • deep dorsal vein drains clitoris/erectile tissue join vesical/prostatic venous plexuses
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7
Q

What is the innervation during defecation?

A
  • sympathetic
    • internal anal sphincter contraction which inhibits rectal contractions
  • parasympathetic
    • rectal contraction IAS relaxation
  • somatomotor
    • esternal anal sphincter, puborectalis, levator ani contraction
  • sensory
    • above pectinate line - viscerosensory
    • below pectinate line - somatosensory
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7
Q

AST

A
  • Aspartate aminotransferase
    • aspartate + aKG > OAA + glutamate
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8
Q

What are the parts of the fallopian tube?

A
  • Infundibulum
    • fibmbriae become engorged with blood close to ovulation
  • Ampulla
    • site of fertilization
  • Isthmus
    • mainly muscle to contract towards uterus
  • Intramural segment
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8
Q

What are the areas of collateral circulation in pelvis?

A
  • lumbar (abdominal aorta) and iliolumbar (poster internal iliac)
    • posterior abdominal and pelvic wall and spinal cord
  • median sacral (abdominal aorta) and lateral sacral (posterior of internal iliac)
    • back and spinal cord
  • superior rectal (IMA) and middle rectal (anterior of internal iliac)
  • Inferior gluteal (anterior of internal illiac) and deep artery of thigh
    • gluteal muscles and hip joint
  • right internal iliac and left internal iliac
    • impotence and claudication of buttocks and thighs
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10
Q

What is the role of Cortical Granules in the oocyte?

A
  • contain proteases
    • released at fertilization after Ca2+ mobilization
  • proteases cause the conformational change of ZP2 and remove carbs from ZP3
    • changes in ZP prevent penetration by additional sperm
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10
Q

Describe the supply of the internal pudendal artery

A
  • leaves pelvis thorugh greater sciactic foramen
  • enters ischioanal fossa via the lesser sciatic foramen with the pudendal nerve
  • becomes deep and dorsal branches of clitoris or penis
  • main artery of perineum
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11
Q

What are the follicular phases and what are the hormones produced in each?

A
  • Follicular phase
    • estrogen
  • Luteal phase
    • progestrone and estrogen
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12
Q

Inferior gluteal nerve

A
  • L5 - S2
  • Leave pelvis via greater sciatic foramen
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12
Q

Describe the innervation of periarterial plexuses

A
  • postsynaptic, sympathetic, vasomotor fibers to
    • superior rectal
    • ovarian
    • internal iliac arteries
  • minor route: by which sympathetic fibers enter pelvis
  • main function: vasomotion of arteries they accompany
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14
Q

What is the drainage system of the rectum?

A
  • superior rectal veins > hepatic portal system
  • Middle and inferior rectal veins > caval system
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15
Q

What are the branches off the anterior division of the internal iliac artery?

A
  • umbilical
  • obturator
  • inferior vesical/vaginal
  • middle rectal
  • uterine
  • internal pudendal
  • inferior gluteal
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16
Q

What does FSH do in the ovarian cycle?

A
  • stimulates growth and development of secondary follicles
  • stimulates granulosa cells convert androgens to estrogen
  • stimulates the synthesis LH receptors on granulosa cells
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16
Q

What is the outermost layer of the ovary?

A
  • Germinal epithelium
    • serosa
    • cubodial
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16
Q

What are the layers of the uterus?

A
  • Endometrium
    • Stratum functionalis
    • Stratum basale
  • Myometrium
    • deeper layers contain blood vessels
  • Perimetrium (serosa)
    • posterior and part of anterior surface
  • Adventitia
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16
Q

Describe glands during the proliferative and secretory phases?

A
  • early proliferative
    • short, straight, and narrow
  • midproliferative
    • longer and straight
  • late proliferative
    • grow rapidly and become tortuous
  • secretory
    • glycogen accumulates at base of glands
    • glands look sawtooth
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16
Q

What is the neuronal stimulus of the male sexual act?

A
  • From sex organs
    • sexual stimulations from glans penis or areas adjacent to penis
  • psychic stimulation from brain
    • thinking, dreaming
  • impulses from brain and/or sex organs
    • integrated in sacral and lumbar spinal cord
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16
Q

At what points does the iliacs split?

A
  • common iliac splits into
    • internal and external iliacs between L5 and S1
  • Internal iliac splits ino
    • anterior and posterior divisions
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17
Q

What is adiposogenital syndrome?

A
  • deficiency in GnRH production
  • abnormalities in feeding center of hypothalamus
    • overeat > obesity
  • markedly under development of gentelia
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19
Q

Where do spermatoza become mobile?

A
  • Not mobile until they reach the transition from the caput (head) to corpus (middle) of epididymis
    • moderate motility in cauda (tail) of epididymis
  • Do not become fully mobile until ejaculation into the female reproductive tract
    • acidic vagina makes them less mobile
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19
Q

What are the secretory products of sertoli cells?

A
  • FSH stimulates sertoli cells to secrete ABP
    • Androgen Binding Protein
  • inhibin to control FSH production
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20
Q

What is the role of parasympathetic innervation in the erection?

A
  • parasympathetic releases NO to cause relaxation of SM
  • helicine arteries straighten out lowering endothelial cushions
    • increased blood flow to engorge erectile tissue
    • limited by compression of venous drainage
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22
Q

What are the structural features of efferent ductules?

A
  • mix of tall and short columnar cells to make the luminal look sawtooth
  • psedostratified columnar cells with or without cilia
    • beat towards epididymis
  • thin circular SM
    • responsible for moving sperm to epididymis
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22
Q

What are the four main routes autonomic nerves enter pelvic cavity?

A
  • sacral sympathetic trunks (10%)
  • periarterial plexuses
  • hypogastric plexuses (90%)
    • superior and inferior
  • pelvic splanchnic nerves
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24
Q

What is the function of principal cells of the epipdidymis?

A
  • fluid resorption
  • secrete protein which initiates motility
  • secrete glycerophosphocoline which inhibits capacitation
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24
Q

How does the skeletal muscle eliminate nitrogen?

A
  • using ALT to create alanine from pyruvate
    • fixes NH4 from muscle protein breakdown
  • Alanine travels in blood to go to liver
    • Alanine > pyruvate > glucose
    • releases NH4 to enter urea cycle
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25
Q

How is the spermatogenesis regulated by hormones?

A
  • temp: 35 ºC
  • FSH
    • promotes synthesis of androgen binding protein (ABG) by sertoli cells to localize testosterone in seminferous tubules
  • LH
    • stimulates interstitial cells to produce testosterone
  • Prolactin
    • accentuates steroidgenesis of IC
  • Inhibition: testosterone feedback onto LH and inhibin inhibits FSH
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26
Q

What are the layers of the prostate?

A
  • Mucosa
    • simple or pseudostratified columnar epithelium
    • think lamina propria
    • corpora amylacea (calcifications)
  • Fibromuscular stroma (no muscularis)
  • Fibroelastic capsule
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26
Q

How does estrogen affect spermatogenesis?

A
  • reabsorption of luminal fluid in the head of epididymis
    • allows the sperm to enter epididymis concentrated rather than dilute
  • at early follicularphase
  • converted from testosterone by
    • Leydig cells
    • Sertoli cells
    • Developing germ cells
    • 2/3 from peripheral conversion (skin, brain, fat, liver)
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27
Q

What is orchidectomy and what are the symptoms?

A
  • activity of all accessory sex organs declines
    • no seminal plasma made
  • decrease in muscular mass
  • decreased libido, antisocial patterns of sexual behavior
  • prevention of male baldness, decrease in kidney and liver weight, erythropoiesis
  • increase thymus weight
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28
Q

What is the role of maturation promoting factor (MPF)?

A
  • just before ovulation, occyte activates itself with MPF to induce complete of meiotic prophase
    • results in the formation of the first polar body and a secondary oocyte
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29
Q

What is hirsutism?

A
  • excessive hairiness in women
  • caused by
    • increased levels of androgens
    • oversensitivity of hair follicles to androgens
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31
Q

What are the layers of the vagina?

A
  • Mucosa
    • parakeratinized epithelium
    • predominate vascular lamina propria
  • Muscularis
    • ICOL
    • bulbospongiosus muslce at opening
  • Adventitia
    • inner elastic layer
    • outer highly vascular layer
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32
Q

What is the purpose of the scrotum?

A
  • allow for 2-3º difference from the body to do spermatogenesis
  • within the scrotum is the papiniform venous plexus that does countercurrent heat exchange
33
Q

How does growth factor affect spermatogenesis?

A
  • act on germ cells or somatic cells via receptors
35
Q

What are the two cells of the epithelium in the seminiferous tubules?

A
  • Spermatogenic
  • sertolie cells
37
Q

What is the prestep of the urea cycle?

A
  • NH4 + CO2 + 2ATP + H2O > carbamoyl phosphate
  • Enzyme
    • carbamoyl phosphate synthetase (CPS1)
  • irreversible reaction
38
Q

What is the origin of illiococcygeus muscle?

A
  • arises from posterior tendinous arch and at ischial spine
  • together with pubucoccygeus forms a ligament between anal aperatureand coccyx
    • anococcygeal raphe/ligament
  • often thin and poorly developed
39
Q

What is the role of estogens in the female?

A
  • maintains female reproductive tract
  • rebuilds uterus after menses
  • increases inhibitor of FSH/LH
    • at low levels
    • high levels stimulates the surge in LH levels
41
Q

ALT

A
  • Alanine aminotransferase
    • alanine + aKG > pyruvate + glutamate
42
Q

Function of aminotransferase

A
  • transfer NH3 group from AA to Glutamate
    • alphaKG > Glutamate
  • requires PLP (Vit B6)
44
Q

Describe the supply lateral sacral arteries

A
  • usually two arteries on each side arise from a common trunk
  • give off spinal braches to supply
    • sacral meaninges enclosing the roots of sacral nerves
    • erector spinae muscles and skin covering the sacrum
46
Q

Inferior hypogastric plexus

A
  • right and left hypogastric nerves after entering pelvis
  • descend lateral to rectum
  • converge with pelvic splanchnics and form right and left inferior hypogastric plexuses
    • contain postganglionic sympathetic and postganglionic parasympathetic fibers
47
Q

What is the function of ciliated cells?

A
  • have cilia
    • increase in height during estrogenic phase of menstrual cycle and reach max height at ovulation
    • decrease in height when progesterone levels are elevated
48
Q

Superior hypogastric plexus

A
  • continuation of aortic plexus, branches from L3,4 and lumbar splanchnics
49
Q

What is the role of LH in the ovary?

A
  • triggers primary oocyte to complete meiosis I and enter meiosis II
  • Surge initiates ovulation
  • effects the transformation of remaining granulosa and theca internal cells to luteal cells
    • stimulates follicular luteal cells to secrete progesterone
51
Q

What are the stages of follicular development?

A
  • Primordial follicle
  • Primary follicle
    • unilaminar
    • multilaminar
  • Secondary Follicles
  • Mature or Graafian Follicles
51
Q

Pudendal nerve

A
  • S2-S4
  • main nerve of perineum and innervates
    • external genitalia
    • external urethral sphincter
    • external anal sphincter
    • skin around anus and perineum
  • leaves pelvis via greater sciatic foramen
  • enters perinem via lesser sciatic foramen
53
Q

What does Lactobacillus acidophilus do in the vagina

A
  • natural bacteria of vagina
  • produces lactic acid to breakdown glycogen produced by the stratified squamous epithelium
    • makes the vagina acidic to prevent proliferation of bacteria
55
Q

What occurs to the follicular cells once the secondary oocyte leaves?

A
  • basement membrane breaks down
    • follicular cell layer folds to become corpus luteum storing lipids
  • blood vessels invade folicular cell layer and antral cavity fills with CT and blood vessels = lutenizing
    • corpus hemorrhagium
56
Q

Obturator nerve

A
  • L2-L4
  • passes through lesser pelvis passing through oberturator membrane
  • innervates medial thigh
57
Q

What occurs during sperm capacitation?

A
  • make sperm capable of fertilizing egg
  • occurs naturally in female tract
    • takes 1-10 hours
  • process
    • washs off inhibitory factors that suppress sperm activity
    • removes lipid/cholesterol vesicles to expose acrosome so acrosomal enzymes can be released
    • sperm membrane becomes more permeable and Ca2+ enters sperm, triggers hypermotility in order to penetrate ZP
  • Washing sperm wit human tubular fluid (HTF) to capacitate sperm
58
Q

What muslces make up the pelvic floor?

A
  • pelvic diaphragm
    • coccygeus
    • levator ani
      • puburectalis
      • iliococcygeus
      • pubococcygeus
  • perineal membrane (inferior fascia of UG diaphragm)
  • muscles of deep perineal pouch
59
Q

What are the morphological phases of spermiogenesis?

A
  • Golgi phase
  • Cap phase or acrosomal phase
    • formation acrosomal cap
    • hylauriondase, neuraminidase, acid phosphatase, proteases
  • maturation phase
    • nucleus flattened, addition of mito, elongation, loss of excess cytoplasm
59
Q

Describe the supply by the uterine artery?

A
  • may arise from umbilical artery
  • passes over the ureter
  • supplies
    • vagina
    • cervix
    • body and fundus of uterus
  • anastomoses with ovarian artery to supply ovary and uterine tube
61
Q

What muscles insert to the perineal body?

A
  • bulbospongiosus muscle
  • superficial transverse perineal muscle
  • external anal spincter muscle
  • fibers from
    • deep transverse perineal muscle
    • external urethral sphincter muscle
62
Q

What are the properties of semen?

A
  • pH of 7.2 - 8.0
  • milky appearance
  • coagulum (clotting enzyme)
    • dissolves in 15-30 min due to fibrinolysin derived from profibrinolysin
63
Q

Describe the supply of the superior gluteal artery

A
  • largest branch of internal iliac artery
  • leaves pelvis through greater sciatic foramen
  • supplies muscles and skin of gluteal region
    • branches to adjacent muscles and bones of pelvic wall
65
Q

What are interstitial glands?

A
  • clumps of cells in the ovary medulla that appear just before puberty
  • secreting pulse of estrogen
    • contribute to the maturation of secondary sexual characteristics
66
Q

What is in the secretory product from the seminal vesicles?

A
  • pale yellow because of lipochrome pigment
  • rich in fructose and prostaglandins (aid fertilization)
    • sperm nutrition source
    • 70% of ejaculate
  • empty its contents into ejeaculatory duct
67
Q

What is the target of FSH and what are its actions?

A
  • Sertoli cells
    • growth, differentiation and maintenace
    • releases paracrine factors to spermatogonia
  • Increases LH receptors on Leydig cells
  • spermatogenesis
68
Q

What affects the functional layer of the endometrium?

A
  • changes in blood levels of estrogens and progesterone
  • the blood supply from spiral arteries
  • layer is partially or totally lost after menstration
69
Q

Where is sperm stored?

A
  • most of it is stored in the ductus deferens and can remain there for about a month
  • motility suppressed in ductus deferens
71
Q

What is cryptorchidism?

A
  • 1-3 months before birth
    • if not usually happens within months
    • if it doesnt descend in a year, requires surgery
  • descent through inguinal canal into scrotum
    • testosterone from fetal leydig cells triggers action
72
Q

What is luteolysis and when does it occur?

A
  • Regression of the corpus luteum because of no HCG signal
    • reduction in blood flow
    • T cells come to produce interferon-gamma that attracts macrophages
    • marcophages make TNF-alpha to cause apoptosis
  • progestrone, estrogen, and inhibin levels all decrease
  • FSH levels gradually increase
73
Q

Where are gap junctions used follicular developement and where are they located?

A
  • Allow communication between
    • adajcent follicular cells of corona radiata
    • follicular cells of corona radiata and oocyte
75
Q

Coccygeal plexus

A
  • lies on pelvic surface of coccygeus
  • innervates
    • coccygeus
    • part of levator ani
  • anococcygeal nerves arise from this plexus
76
Q

What is male climacteric (andropause)?

A
  • start in 40s, testosterone levels decline
  • symptoms - similar to menopause
    • hot flashes
    • suffocuation
    • psychic disorders
77
Q

What are the layers of the seminferous tubules?

A
  • Epithelium
  • Basement membrane
  • Peritubular CT sheath
    • Blood vessels, lymphatics, myoeptihelial cells

tubules are a solid core until puberty

78
Q

What is in the secretion of the prostate gland?

A
  • Whitish fluid rich in
    • acid phosphatase
    • citric acid
    • citrate ion
    • clotting enzyme
    • Ca2+
  • contributes 25% of ejaculate
  • pH of 6.5
  • fibrinolysiin helps liquefy semen
79
Q

What is the function of peg cells?

A
  • provide nutrients to egg during migration
    • cyto cleared out because of their high glycogen levels
  • Help with capacitation
  • shorter during progestone stage
80
Q

What occurs doing acrosome reaction?

A
  • content of acrosome
    • hyaluronidase - dissolves CT among multiple layers of granulosa cells
    • proteolytic enzymes - dissolve ZP
  • Derived from Golgi apparatus during spermiogenesis
  • essential for sperm to fertilize eggs
81
Q

What are the cells of the epididymis?

A
  • pseudostratified columnar epithelium with stereocilia
  • Basal cells (stem)
  • Principal cells
  • layers of circular SM

Storage site

83
Q

Sciatic nerve

A

L4 - S3

84
Q

Describe innervation of pelvic splanchnics

A
  • originate from anterior rami of S2-S4 and convery presynaptic parasympathetic fibers
  • join with hypogastric nerves to form inferior hypogastric plexus
  • parasympathetic innervation of pelvic viscera and descending and sigmoid colon
85
Q

What is the innervation involved with emission and ejaculation?

A
  • emission
    • sympathetic reponse to move semen to prostatic urethra
    • sympathetic impulses from T12-T2 > hypogastric and pelvic nerve sympathetic nerve plexuses > gential organs > emission
  • ejaculation
    • somatomotor response
    • firing of bulbourethral, prostate, seminiferous tubules/epididymis, seminal vesicles
  • resolution: 1-2 min after ejaculation
86
Q

Describe the supply of obturator artery?

A
  • variable origin but usually second branch
    • presence of an accessory obturator artery arising from inferior epigastric artery
  • runs along obturator fascia on lateral wall of pelvis
    • leaves the pelvis through obturator canal
  • supplies adductor region of the thigh
87
Q

What is the target of LH in males and what are its actions?

A
  • Leydig cells
    • growth and differentiation
  • increase testosterone production
  • down regulation of LH receptors
88
Q

At what stage is the zona pellucida is assembled?

A
  • produced by the primary oocyte at the unilayered primary follicle site
88
Q

Area supplied by inferior vesical artery

A
  • equivalent to vaginal artery
    • supplies vagina, adjacent regions of bladder and rectum
    • anastomoses with vaginal branch of uterine artery and superior vesical artery
  • supples branches to
    • bladder
    • distal ureter
    • seminal vesicles (males)
90
Q

What is the origin/insertion and functions of coccygeus?

A
  • origin and insertion
    • ischial spine
    • sacrospinous ligament to coccyx and inferior sacrum
  • Functions
    • supports pelvic viscera
    • pulls coccyx foward after defecation
91
Q

What are the features of the erectile tissue?

A
  • helicane arteries are filled with blood and endotheial cushions deflate to allow the arteries to fill up
  • SM puckers up the endothelium to make up the cushions
92
Q

What are the secretions from the bulbourethral glands?

A
  • secrete pre-ejaculate to help de-acidify the urethra
  • looks very mucosey, acts like a lubricant
93
Q

When is a male considered infertile?

A
  • low sperm count
      • spermatogenic defects: genetic factors
  • abnormal sperm motility
    • structural
      • tail deformation
    • metabolic
      • low energy supply, ion signaling
94
Q

What are the two components of the cervix?

A
  • endocervical canal
    • mucos secreting columnar epithelium
  • ectocervix
95
Q

Describe supply of inferior gluteal artery

A
  • pass posteriorly between sacral nerves
    • leaves pelvis through greater sciatic foramen
  • supplies muscle and skin of buttock and posterior thigh
  • anatomoses with a network of vessels around hip joint
96
Q

Describe supply of middle rectal artery?

A
  • supplies inferior rectum
  • anastomoses with superior and inferior rectal arteries
  • may arise from
    • internal iliac artery
    • inferior vesical artery
    • internal pudendal artery
97
Q

Lumbosacral trunk

A
  • L4 joins with L5 (above pelvic brim) an then with sacral plexus (s1 just below pelvic brim)
98
Q

What occurs to the functional layer during premestrual or ischemic stage?

A
  • Periodic contractions of spiral arteries because of
    • lower levels of progesterone deprives the functional layer of oxygen
  • breakdown of spiral arery floods lamina propria with blood
  • functional layer consisting of glands and decidual like cells detaches and sheds = menses
99
Q

What is the pelvic pain line?

A
  • refers to orgnas aove (or in contact with) or below the peritoneum and whether pain will be felt consciously
  • visceral afferent innervation will follow
    • above line - pain will be conducted by sympathetic fibers to reach thoracic/lumbar spinal ganglia
    • below line - pain conducted by parasympathetic ribers to reach spianl sensory ganglia of s2-s4
101
Q

Superior gluteal nerve

A

L4 - S1

102
Q

What are the layers of the uterine tube?

A
  • Mucosa
    • ciliated cells
    • peg cells
  • Muscularis
    • ICOL
  • Serosa
104
Q

What are the sites of testosterone negative feedback?

A
  • pituitary gland
    • decreasing LH pulse amplitude
  • hypothalamus
    • GnRH pulse generator to decrease pulse frequency
105
Q

What is dihydro-testosterone?

A
  • ~7% of testosterone is reduced to dihydro-testosterone by 5alpha-reductase
  • higher affinity than testosterone for androgen receptors
  • defiency
    • under developed male genitalia and prostate
107
Q

Describe the innervation the sacral sympathetic trunk provides

A
  • continusation of sympathetic trunks to innervate the lower limbs
    • main function: postsynaptic fibers to sacral plexus
  • send gray communicating rami to anterior ramus of sacral and cocygeal nerves
  • sends small branches to inferior hypogastric plexus
108
Q

What are the layers of the testis?

A
  • Tunica vaginalis
    • parietal/visceral layers
  • Tunica albuginea
  • Tunica vasculosa
  • semiferous tubules
109
Q

How is the secondary oocyte released?

A
  • Surge of LH
    • induces fibroblasts to release proteases that degrade the collagen fibers of the tunica albuginea and theca externa
    • rapid growth of new blood vessels > follicle swelling > follicle rupture
110
Q

What is the origin of puborectalis of levator ani?

A
  • arises from pubis (r/l pubic bodies)
  • U-shaped sling
111
Q

What is the origin of th pubococcygeus?

A
  • arises from posterior aspect of pubic body and anterior tendinous arch
  • attaches to coccyx
113
Q

What are the layers of the seminal vesicles?

A
  • Mucosa
    • pseudostratified columnar epithelium that height varies with testosterone levels
    • lamina propria with elastic fibers
  • Muscularis externa
    • ICOL
  • Adventitia
114
Q

What is the clinical significance of the transformation zone of the cervix?

A
  • at puberty the cervix extends into the acidic region of the vagina columnar epithelium undergoes metaplasa to become stratified squamous epithelium
    • 95% of cervical intraepithelial neoplasias originate in the zone
115
Q

What are the branches off the posterior division of the internal iliac artery?

A
  • illolumbar
  • lateral sacral
  • superior gluteal
116
Q

What are the structural features of the sertoli cells?

A
  • all sertoli cells are connected to other sertoli cells and developing spermatogonia
    • form unique types of junctional complexes
  • rest on basement membrane and reach lumen
  • has FSH receptors

Block 3 (8 decks)

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