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Block 3 > Week 4 > Flashcards

Week 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the basic features of the small intestine?

A
  • 21-25 ft long
  • Three regions: duodenum, jejunum, ileum
  • Main site of digestion and absorption of food
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2
Q

What are the features of the mucosal layer of the small intestine?

A
  • Total SA is 400-600x normal
  • Plicae Circulares
    • Permanent spiral folds of mucosa and submucosa in distal duodenum, jejunum and proximal ileum
  • Intestinal villi/mucosal folds of simple columnar cells with microvilli
  • Microvilli of columnar cells
    • increase SA the most
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3
Q

What are the cells of the epithelium of the small intestine?

A
  • simple columnar epithelium
  • Surface absorptive cells (enterocytes)
  • Goblet cells
  • Microfold (M) Cells
  • EC cells
  • Paneth Cells
  • Stem cells
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4
Q

Function of enterocytes?

A
  • Specilized transport of substances from lumen to blood
  • microvilliea increase SA
  • intercellular junctions create a barrier between intercellular space and intestinal lumen
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5
Q

Function of goblet cells in small intestine?

A
  • Secretes mucinogen that is converted into mucous to protect the epithelium
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6
Q

What is the function of Microfold (M) cells?

A
  • Antigen presenting cell
  • modified enterocyte
  • Cover lympathic cells in lamina propria
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7
Q

Function of Enteroendocrine (EC) cells in small intestine mucosa?

A
  • Make the same peptides hormones as they do in stomach (doesnt same which ones in either lecture)
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8
Q

What do Paneth cells do in the small intestine mucosa?

A
  • Located primarily in distal ileum
  • secrete lysozyme (antibacterial)
  • regulate normal intestinal flora
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9
Q

How often do stem cells replace mucosa cells of intestine?

A
  • restore epthelial cells every 5-6 weeks
  • Paneth cells every 4 weeks
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10
Q

What is contained within the Lamina Propria in the small intestine?

A
  • Occupies the space instead villi and in between intestinal glands (Crypts of Lieberkuhn)
  • Has CT, lymphoid tissue, villus lacteals
  • Lympoid nodules are known as Peyers Patches in ileum
  • Intestinal glands (crypts of lieberkuhn)
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11
Q

What type of muscle is contained in the muscularis mucosae/externa in the small intestine?

A
  • ICOL
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12
Q

Features of the submucosa in small intestine

A
  • Submucosal glands only in duodenum
  • Brunners glands
    • Unique to duodenum
    • Produce alkaline mucin to neautralize HCl
    • Makes urogastrone to inhibit gastric HCl production
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13
Q

What structures are included in the large intestine?

A
  • cecum iwht appendix
  • colon
  • rectum
  • anal canal
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14
Q

What are the strucutral features of the large intestine?

A
  • No special mucosal folds
  • Lacks villi
  • Main place of bacteria to produce
    • Vit B12 (hematopoiesis)
    • Vit K (coagulation)
  • Contribute to feces
  • Lots of mucus
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15
Q

What cells are contained in the mucosa of large intestine?

A
  • Surface: simple columnar absorptive cells
  • Crypts of Lieberkuhn (intestinal Gland)
    • Numerous goblet cells
    • Stem cells
    • EC cells
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16
Q

What are the layers of the large intestine? Note anything different about them when compared to other GI layers.

A
  • Musoca
    • epithelium
    • Lamina propria
      • well developed GALT
      • No lacteals
    • Muscularis mucosae - ICOL
  • Submucosa
  • Muscularis Extera
    • ICOL
    • tenaie coli/haustra
  • Serosa adventitia
    • appendices epiploicae
17
Q

What is an appendix epiploica? Where is it located?

A
  • an aggregate of adipocytes surrounded by serosa
  • located in the serosa in the large intestine
18
Q

What make up taeniae coli?

A
  • fascicles of outer longitudinal layer aggregate into three space bands in muscularis externa layer in large intestine
19
Q

Layers of the appendix

A
  • Same layers as large intestine
  • Mucosa
  • Submucosa
    • Lymphatic nodules (germinal centers)
  • Muscularis externa
    • Very thick inner circular layer
    • Much thinner outer longitudinal layer
20
Q

Describe the epithelial layer of the rectum and anal canal

A
  • simple columnar epithelium to anal valves (pectinate Line)
    • colorectal zone
  • variety of stratified epithelia distal of anal valves
    • transitional zone
  • changes to stratified squamous keratinized at anus
    • squamous zone
21
Q

What is contained in the lamina propria of the anal canal?

A
  • sebaceous glands
  • LAG
  • hair follicles
  • large veins
22
Q

Layers of Anal Canal

A
  • mucosa
  • lamina propria
  • muscularis mucosa
    • ICOL, terminate at anal valves
  • Submucosa
    • fibroelastic tissue
  • Musuclaris externa
    • ICOL
    • IC forms internal sphincter (SM)
  • Adventitia
  • External Anal sphincter
    • skeletal muscle of pelvic floor
23
Q

What contributes to cardiovascular disease?

A
  • hypertension
  • smoking
  • high cholesterol
    • atherosclerosis
  • overweight
    • can cause insulin resistance
24
Q

What are the lab values for someone to be considered pre-diabetes or diabetes for the following tests

  • Random plasma glucose
  • Fasting plasma glucose
  • 2-hr glucose during OGTT
  • Hemoglobin AIC
A
25
Q

What is the AHA/NHLB1-Modified ATP III criteria for metabolic syndrome?

A
  • Abdominal obesity
    • men >40 in
    • women >35 in
  • TAGS >150
  • HDL-C
    • men <40
    • <50
  • BP _>130/>_85
  • Fasting glucose _>_100

Diagnose by presence of 3 or more risk factors

26
Q

What are essential fatty acids?

A
  • humans cant desaturate between ∆9 position and methyl end of the molecule
  • Linolenic acid (18:3) = n-3 anti-inflammatory
27
Q

How is prostaglandin made?

A
  • Arachidonic acid -> (COX) ->prostaglandin H2
28
Q

What are the two functions of cyclooxygenases (COX)?

A
  • COX-1: produces eicosanoids in stomach to decrease acid secretion
  • COX-2: causes most of the inflammatory response
29
Q

How do NSAIDs work?

A
  • COX inhibitors = anti-inflammatory
    • apsirin: blocks COX 1 and 2
    • ibuprogen: blocks Cox 2 more than 1
30
Q

How does cortisone work?

A
  • Anti-inflammatory that doesnt inhibit Cox
  • Represses DNA synthesis of phospholipase A2 that makes arachidonic acid
31
Q

What is the BMI scale?

A
  • 25-29: overweight
  • 30 or above: obesity
  • 40+: extreme or morbid obesity

Kids: greater than 95% on charts

32
Q
A

Block 3 (8 decks)

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