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Entomology flashcards > Week 7 > Flashcards

Week 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Another name for Black Flies

A

Simuliidae

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1
Q

Species that commonly bite people

A

Simulium, Prosimulium and Austrosimulium

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2
Q

Morphologies of Black flies

A
  1. quite small, about 1.5–4 mm long
  2. humped thorax
  3. usually black in colour, but can have contrasting colours of white or yellowish hairs on legs
  4. Large compound eyes (Females: separated (dichoptic), Males: touch each other (holoptic)).
  5. Lens are larger in males
  6. Mouth are short and broad, do not penetrate through the host’s tissues
  7. Only female bites
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3
Q

Life Cycle

A
  • feed on plant juices and naturally occurring sugary substances,
  • only females take blood-meals. Biting occurs
    outdoors during the day
  • Eggs can be laid in flowing water
  • females land on partially
    immersed objects such as rocks, stones and vegetation to lay some 150
    – 800 eggs in sticky masses or strings
  • Eggs are unable to survive desiccation

-Eggs of S. damnosum hatch within 1–2 days, but in many other tropical species the egg stage lasts 2–4 days

  • six to eleven (usually seven) larval instars and a
    mature larva, depending on the species, is about 4–12 mm long
  • larvae do not swim
  • Attachment is achieved by the posterior hook-circlet (or anal sucker) tightly gripping a small silken pad produced by the larva’s very large salivary glands.
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4
Q

Medical Importance

A
  • Mansonella ozzardi is a filarial parasite of humans
    that is usually regarded as non-pathogenic, but has caused morbidity
    in Colombia and Brazil.
  • Onchocerciasis is a non-fatal disease, often called river blindness, that
    is caused by the filarial parasite Onchocerca volvulus. There are no
    animal reservoir hosts, so the disease is not a zoonosis

-Black flies are the only vectors of human onchocerciasis.

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5
Q

Control Measures

A
  • using repellents such as DEET, or by
    wearing pyrethroid-impregnated or sprayed clothing
  • to apply insecticides to
    larval habitats.
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6
Q

Sand Flies

A
  • Family Psychodidae
  • 1000 species and subspecies of sandflies
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7
Q

Three genera

A

Phlebotomus, Lutzomyia and
Sergentomyia – suck blood from vertebrates, the
former two being the more important because they
contain disease vectors

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8
Q

Morphologies

A
  • Adult phlebotomines and flies are readily recognized by their minute size (usually less than 5 mm long), hairy
    appearance
  • have e head, thorax, wings and abdomen densely covered with long hairs
  • Other blood-sucking flies which are as small as this
    are some species of biting midges (Ceratopogonidae), but these have non-hairy wings

-The mouthparts are short and inconspicuous and adapted for blood-sucking

  • Only females bite
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9
Q

Life Cycle

A
  • Some 30–70 eggs are laid singly at each oviposition.
  • Larvae are mainly scavengers, feeding on organic matter
  • Four larval instars. Larval development is usually completed after 20–30 days, the duration depending on the species, temperature
    and availability of food
  • Adults emerge from the pupae after about 6–13 days
  • The life cycle from oviposition to adult emergence, is 30–60 days
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10
Q

Adult Behaviours (Life Cycle)

A
  • Both sexes feed on plant juices and sugary secretions
  • but females in addition suck blood from a variety of vertebrates
  • Females of many Phlebotomus species in the Old World and Lutzomyia
    species in the New World bite mammals, including humans
  • Biting is usually restricted to crepuscular and nocturnal periods
  • Most species feed outdoors (exophagic) but some
    species also feed indoors (endophagic). A few species are autogenous,
    that is they can lay eggs without blood-feeding
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11
Q

Medical Importance

A
  • Annoyance
  • serious, but usually localized, biting nuisance. In the Americas up to 100 bites per night have been recorded.
  • Bartonellosis
  • Sand fly fevers
  • Leishmaniasis
  • Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL)
  • Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis (espundia)
  • Diffuse Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
  • Visceral Leishmaniasis (kala-azar)
  • Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL)
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12
Q

Control Measures

A
  • House-spraying
  • Insecticidal fogging
  • Personal protection
  • New Vaccine
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13
Q

Biting Midges

A

Ceratopogonidae

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14
Q

Family Ceratopogonidae

A
  • almost 5800 species of biting midges in about 125
    genera, but only four genera have species feeding on vertebrates
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15
Q

Morphologies

A
  • Adult Culicoides are very small, being only 1–2.5 mm long
  • The head has a prominent pair of eyes, a pair of short five-segmented palps and a pair of relatively long filamentous antennae
  • Males do not take blood-meals and have feathery or plumose antennae
  • blood-sucking females have non-plumose
    antennae
  • Wings lack scales, the wings are placed over the abdomen
  • The abdomen is dull grey, yellowish brown or blackish, and in females is more or less rounded at its tip; in males there is a pair of small, but conspicuous, claspers
16
Q

Life Cycle

A
  • laid in batches of about 30–450 on the surface of mud or wet soil
  • Eggs usually hatch after 2–7 days, depending on temperature and species
  • four larval instars, of which the fully grown larva is cylindrical, whitish, about 3–6 mm long and nematode-like. It has a small, dark (but
    unpigmented in Leptoconops) conical-shaped head followed by 12 body
    segments
  • Larval development is sometimes completed within 4–5 days, but may
    take weeks in cooler weather
  • The pupa is 2–4 mm long and the pupal period usually lasts 2–3 days
17
Q

Adult Behaviours (Life Cycle)

A
  • Adults of both sexes feed on naturally occurring sugar solutions.
  • Females take blood-meals from humans and a variety of mammals and birds.
  • Most species bite only outdoors
  • About 30 species are autogenous, that is they can mature and lay the first batch of eggs without a blood-meal
  • Some species of both Culicoides and Leptoconops are known to fly 2–3 km
    without wind assistance.
  • Adult females are short-lived, most probably surviving for just 1–3 weeks
18
Q

Medical Importance

A
  • Annoyance
  • veterinary importance
  • transmitting arboviruses
  • troublesome pests and transmit minor filarial infections as well as Oropouche virus to humans
19
Q

Control Measures

A
  • Spraying larval breeding sites with organophosphates such as malathion, diazinon or temephos
  • Use of insecticide-impregnated bed-nets (nets are impregnated with
    pyrethroids such as permethrin and deltamethrin)
  • Insecticidal fogs or ultra-low-volume (ULV) applications
  • DEET
20
Q

Control Measures

A
  • Spraying larval breeding sites with organophosphates such as malathion, diazinon or temephos
  • Use of insecticide-impregnated bed-nets (nets are impregnated with
    pyrethroids such as permethrin and deltamethrin)
  • Insecticidal fogs or ultra-low-volume (ULV) applications
  • DEET
21
Q

Tsetse Fly

A

Glossinidae

22
Q

Tsetse Fly

A
  • belong to the genus Glossina, the only
    genus in the family Glossinidae
  • 31 species and subspecies
  • restricted to sub-Saharan Africa
  • Tsetse flies are vectors of both human and animal
    African trypanosomiasis, the disease in humans being
    called sleeping sickness.
23
Q

Important vectors

A

G. palpalis, G. tachinoides, G. fuscipes, G. pallidipes
and G. morsitans

24
Q

Morphologies

A
  • Adults are yellowish or brown-black robust flies
    that are rather larger (6–14 mm) than houseflies
  • a rigid forward projecting proboscis
  • a closed cell between wing veins 4 and 5 which, with
    a little imagination, looks like an upside-down hatchet
    (i.e., axe, cleaver or chopper) and consequently is often
    termed the hatchet cell
25
Q

Life Cycle

A
  • The saliva containing anticoagulants is pumped down into the wound formed by the fly
  • Both sexes take blood – meals
  • Both male and female tsetse flies bite people
  • blood-feed about every 2–3days
  • Feeding is only in daytime
  • Larval development takes about 9 days, by which time
    the third- and final instar larva is 5–7 mm long
  • bears a pair of prominent dark protuberances called the polypneustic lobes, which
    are respiratory structures
  • fly’s abdomen is enlarged

-Females select shaded sites for larviposition.

  • Duration of the puparial period is comparatively
    long, usually 4–5 weeks
26
Q

Adult behaviours (Life Cycle)

A
  • spend about 23 hours a day resting on vegetation
27
Q

Three main groups of tsetse flies:

A
  • Fuscagroup (forest flies)
  • Morsitans group(savannaflies)
    -Palpalis group (riverine and forest flies)
28
Q

Medical Importance

A
  • Sleeping sickness
29
Q

Control Measures

A
  • Insecticide control
  • Targets and traps
  • Genetic Control
  • Future Control

Entomology flashcards (9 decks)

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