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CJ 367 > Week 6 Punishing Women Offenders > Flashcards

Week 6 Punishing Women Offenders Flashcards

1
Q

Incarcerated Women

A
  • Invisible, among incarcerated people
  • Unless we focus only on women
  • Then, responses are sometimes paternalistic
  • We regard female inmates in childlike ways
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2
Q

3 Reasons for Invisibility

A
  • Women are a small proportion of the incarcerated population (7%)
  • Women are incarcerated for less serious and less dangerous crimes
  • Imprisoned women are less likely to demand reform, relative to men
  • But, their proportion is growing
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3
Q

History of Institutionalization

A
  • Pre-custodial punishments
  • Early prison housing
  • Co-ed, but gendered work for women
  • Extremely high risk of rape for women, seen as women inviting the rape and were flogged to death
  • Women were seen as sexual deviants that placed guards at risk
  • The system was designed to meet the needs of the majority
  • Sex/rape in early prisons
  • Contradiction in understanding rape in prison
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4
Q

Reforms to Women’s Confinement

A
  • Early recognition of social context of women’s crime
  • Elizabeth Fry a voice for Difference gets 3 reforms and argues that men and women are different
  1. Sex Segregation
  2. Female guards
  3. Decreased hard labor
  • Reforms in the U.S.: Magdalen Home (1830)
  • Sex segregated
  • Rehabilitation of prostitutes
  • Restore the moral compass of prostitutes
  • 3 Religious instruction
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5
Q

Reforms Continue

A

Ambivalence

  • Purifying women was a priority
  • But sexual abuse during incarceration was common

“Fallen women” and “fallen men”

1880s Quaker feminism

  • Were women victims of male judges, wardens, and guards?
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6
Q

New Confinement Options

A

Custodial placements held men and women

New idea: REformatories

  • Women only
  • Net widening
  • Indeterminate sentencing

More reform

  • Sex-segregated Custodial Placement (Prisons)
  • Worst of both worlds for women
  • punitive, indeterminate, non-rehabilitative
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7
Q

Incarceration during the 1960s-80s

A

Cottage style housing

Became more like men’s housing

  • because it often is men’s housing leftover

Geography is a problem

Programming is a problem

These problems remain important concerns today

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8
Q

Incarceration during the 1960s-80s

A

Cottage style housing

Became more like men’s housing

  • because it often is men’s housing leftover

Geography is a problem (too far away from home and women are often the caretakers)

Programming is a problem (intense profound need for psychological counseling that relates to physical, sexual, and domestic abuse)

These problems remain important concerns today

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9
Q

Women’s prisons

A

Becoming increasingly similar to men’s

  • less reform-oriented and more punitive than ever

Institutionalize sexism: (policies that restrict opportunities for women)

  • Within prisons, these policies are justified by women’s smaller numbers

Three areas of institutional sexism right now

  1. Women are incarcerated farther from home
  2. Fewer educational, vocational, and other programs
  3. Little or no specialization/segregation
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10
Q

Women’s imprisonment is rising

A

Women’s proportion among the incarcerated is growing

  • Behavior change?
  • Policy change?

With the growth, women comprise around 10% of the incarcerated population

  • Criminalizing help-seeking behavior
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11
Q

Incarcerated Women

A

Race is the key factor

Most are poor

More likely than other women to

  • Have been abusively disciplined
  • Have been drug involved
  • Have worked as prostitutes
  • Have witnessed domestic violence

Incarcerated women often believe that these factors are related to their criminality

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12
Q

Girls’ Correctional Facilities

A

Status offenses vs delinquency

Conditions are harsh

  • Rule strictness
  • Sexual assaults
  • Few programs
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13
Q

Psychological Aspects

A

Self-destructive behaviors

  • Internalzaied anger, self-mutilation
  • History of sexual abuse

Access to mental health care

  • “Inundated” with requests for care
  • Yet, little or no trained, clinical care
  • 17% of women in jails and 23% of women in prison receive psychotropic meds

Impact of psych meds

  • On fetuses
  • On trial outcomes
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14
Q

Psychological Aspects

A

Self-destructive behaviors

  • Internalzaied anger, self-mutilation
  • History of sexual abuse

Access to mental health care

  • “Inundated” with requests for care
  • Yet, little or no trained, clinical care
  • 17% of women in jails and 23% of women in prison receive psychotropic meds

Impact of psych meds

  • On fetuses
  • On-trial outcomes
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15
Q

The Drug War

A

The biggest explanation for women’s increased incarceration

Lack of treatment out and inside of prisons is a problem, recidivism is high for drug offenders

Gender-specific drug rehab (stop the trauma from the gendered violence and you stop the drug use)

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16
Q

The Opposite of Rehabilitation

A

Prison time can make women’s problems worse

Shame and self-esteem: a gender-specific problem?

Little or no ed/voc intervention

Greater distance from family

  • Traumatizes and makes women hopeless
  • Remember, they are incarcerated for less serious crimes
  • What is the goal of incarceration
17
Q

Parenthood

A

On average the incarcerated women jas 2-3 dependent kids

  • 233.600 kids have a mother who is incarcerated

80% of women and 60% of men who enter prison are parents

  • But, nearly all the mothers and only half the fathers have custody of their children
  • These parent-child relationships affect male and female prisoners differently
  • If the woman has custody of the kid, the kid goes to the grandparent or a foster home
18
Q

Gender, Parents and Prisons

A

Children are the primary stressor for women, but this is not true for men

  • Who cares for the children

Impact on the children is devastating and long-lasting

Among the imprisoned, women are more likely than men to have been the financial providers

  • Upon release, women’s income plummets
  • And the children suffer to
19
Q

Should kids and moms stay together?

A

Some argue that keeping family intact is better for future crime rates

Others argue that this unfair to kids

Other nations allow young kids to stay with their moms

In the US, less than half of moms get at least one visit from their kids

20
Q

Loss of custody

A

Imprisoned women’s greatest fears

Termination of parental rights

Moms are more likely to have rights terminated than dads

First priority upon release is to re-establish custody

In prison, our programming socializes women into their roles as mothers, while simultaneously cutting them off from their children

21
Q

Prison Programs

A

Moms are the more likely breadwinners and need vocational training

Women are less educated than men when entering prison

  • They are also more likely to request educational programming

In the rare event that women sue, it is most likely to be over access to programs

12% of women received any programming, according to Belknap

4% received programming for sexual victimization

22
Q

Healthcare

A

Incarcerated women have lacked education and resources to care for themselves well

  • This continues in prisons

Women are more likely to be HIV/AIDS patients

  • 3.2% of women and 2.2% of men
  • Why might this be true?
23
Q

Prenatal and Postpartum Care

A

About 1 in 5 facilities lack ob/gyn care at least weekly

5-6% of women entering prison and up to 9% of imprisoned women are pregnant

  • Remarkable absence of care and planning for these babies
24
Q

Mental Health Care

A

There is a pronounced overlap between drug abuse, sexual abuse, and mental health problems among incarcerated women

  • About 45% of women need treatment

Social workers, not doctors

  • Dealing with the most urgent needs
  • What do women seek help for?
  • Successful sometimes means compliant
25
Q

Prison Subculture

A

Compared to men’s subculture, women’s is kinder, less violent

Women focus on their children and a few friendships

Women are less political

  • Men fight oppression, file lawsuits

Pseudofamilies

Sex in Prison

  • Consensual
  • Non- consensual

Co-Corrections: a bad idea for women

CJ 367 (8 decks)

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