Ch 3?

Question 1

What is the essential quality of being female/male?

Answer 1

Is there a quality that seperates men and women and explains the essentialism pattern?

No

Question 2

What is the essential element of women or man??

Answer 2

Nothing, without gender essentialism men and women would exist the same. The only difference would be a sex difference

Question 3

Essentialism

Answer 3

A generalization (completely error)

Question 4

McKennan

Answer 4

As long as the mantle of fear is passed down to women we continue to perpetuate the cycle of rapeability that all women experience

Question 5

Patriarchy

Answer 5

A system of thinking, practices and social structures that favors men

Question 6

Structures that are patriarchal

Answer 6

Family
Religion
Law
Sports
Education
Politics

Question 7

Rape fear

Answer 7

A function to control women so they fear that they could be raped at any time

Question 8

Sharon Marcus

Answer 8

Argues that the state has an ideology of citizenship that is patriarchal

Rape and rape fear is a key place understand the dynamic

The state doesn’t protect women from rape/rapists

Ideology directs our fears toward the least likely form and away from the most common forms

“Common sense” solutions are patriarchal

(Women must take cautionary steps while men’s behavior is not examined)

Inadequate CJS are understood to be normal

Question 9

Law and culture in woman battering

Answer 9

Gender neutral language creates and ideology of a gender-neutral impact

Question 10

Lombroso (Atavism)

Answer 10

Said that woman had lower rates of crime was because they were less evolved. Says his claims are rooted in biology

Question 11

Psychological Theories

Answer 11

W.I. Thomas (1907) the “maladjusted girl” needs love

Female deviance=prostitution

Male deviance is more complex

Essentialism, economics, and power

Sigmund Freud and Penis Envy

• Sex, pain and power
• Crime as aggression
• Depression: result of poor
  gender socialization

Question 12

Masked Crime/Chivalry

Answer 12

Otto Pollack (1950’s)

• Men and women are equally criminal
• Some crime is “masked”
• Lacks empirical evidence

Question 13

Strain Therory

Answer 13

Thomas Merton

-Same aspiration and groomed to the same set of goals, but different access
- Usually a theory of social class
- How could this fit gender? [The theory falls apart when you add women]

Albert Cohen

• Explicitly addressed gender
• Looks at how masculinity connects to crime
• But, limits the discussion of deviance for girls to sex
• The acts that are deviant for girls like promiscuity are not deviant for men

Question 14

Opportunity

Answer 14

Maybe strain theory can be improved when we add the idea of opportunity

-Does a person’s gender impact one’s opportunity?

Guys have the opportunity to do delinquency since they have the access

Wider social networks, more likely to hang out with delinquent peers, more likely to face conflict at a time when judgement is well developed, more likely to be subject to peer pressure, have the opportunity to address conflict through violence

-Young women because of their gendered structure time don’t have the exposure to peer pressure or conflict resolution because of their limited time

-Bottcher (1995, 2001) sibling studies

Question 15

Strain Theory (continuted)

Answer 15

Agnew (1980’s-90’s)

• Expands beyond economic focus
• Adds psychological components
• The more unjust, severe, lasting and central that strain is, the greater the likelihood of criminal involvement
• How can we relate this to gender?

Agnew’s self-critique
- Problem with empirical support

Question 16

Strain Theory (continued part 2)

Answer 16

• Girls delinquency is not related to success in finding a mate
• Rates of delinquency are higher for boys than for girls, but the PATTERNS are similar
• Both boys and girls are affected by strain, but their reaction is different

-Girls direct the feelings inward, become depressed, guilty, disappointed, worthless, insecure

-Guys cheat to achieve the goal like engaging in crime
- Sexual abuse and strain

Question 17

Differential Association

Answer 17

Southerland and Cressey

• Differences in different groups’ willingness to normalize criminal/delinquent behavior
• Southerland and Cressey explicitly focused on boys
• Although feminists criticized this decision, many still find value in the theory
• Constraint versus Freedom
• For example, substance abuse may have gendered pathways

Question 18

Social Control Theory

Answer 18

Gottfredson and Hirschi

-The Social Bond inhibits defiance

• This is a theory about why people DON’T commit crimes
• Focused theory on men
• Like studying longevity by focusing on the short-lived

4 Elements

Attachment
Commitment
Involvement
Belief

Power- based critique
-Empirical Support

Question 19

Summary of Module 3

Answer 19

In classic criminology girls and women have been overlooked accidentally as well as on purpose

When included they are included in sexists ways without empirical support

When there is empirical support opportunity seems to make a lot of sense

We have not been able to use any of the the leading theories that explains delinquency for boys men and then add women’s data into the analysis and have the theory still supported at the end with the exception of differential association