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HAP FINAL - CK > Week 6: Lung and Breasts > Flashcards

Week 6: Lung and Breasts Flashcards

1
Q

bronchodialators

A

i.e. albuterol, dialates the airways so we can breathe easier

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2
Q

glucocorticoids

A

help reduce inflammation

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3
Q

some drugs such as NSAIDs and motrin can have what impact on asthma patients?

A

can cause wheezing and exacerbate bronchoconstriction

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4
Q

bulging

A

Trapped air in forced expiration associated with asthma or emphysema

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5
Q

bradypnea vs hypoventilation

A

bradypnea (slow and deep RR,

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6
Q

tachypnea vs hyperventilation

A

tachypnea (fast and shallow, >20 bpm)

hyperventilation (fast and deep RR)

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7
Q

Cheyne-stokes breathing is normal in what populations?

A

children and elderly, or PTs with heart or kidney failure, or increased intracranial pressure.

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8
Q

biot’s breathing pattern

A

quick, shallow inspiration followed by regular and irregular periods of apnea, usually seen in PTs w/ brain damage or overdose of opiates

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9
Q

hyperresonance heard on lungs

A

too much air is present (emphysema or pneumothorax)

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10
Q

dullness heard on lungs

A

abnormal lung density such as in lobar pneumonia, pleural effusion, atelectasis, or tumor

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11
Q

where are bronchial lung sounds typically heard?

A

over trachea and larynx

high pitch, loud amplitude, inspiration

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12
Q

where are broncho-vesicular lung sounds typically heard

A

over major bronchi

They have a moderate pitch and 1:1 expiratory -versus-inspiratory ratio

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13
Q

where are vesicular lung sounds typically heard

A

over the peripheral lung fields

low pitch, soft amplitude, inspiration>expiration

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14
Q

what’s the recommended age to start doing mammograms?

A

40 years

Why not earlier? Risk of false positives (breast tissue is very firm when we’re younger and can give false positives)

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15
Q

what is the leading cause of cancer in women?

A

breast cancer

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16
Q

who is at a higher risk for breast cancer?

A
  • African-American women have highest death risk for any age
  • White women OVER age 45
  • African american women UNDER age 45
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17
Q

What are the non-modifiable risk factors for breast cancer?

A 
	Female gender
	Age > 50 years
	Mutation of BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes – (women w/ BRCA2, the risk is 45% of developing breast cancer. Increased ovarian cancer risk is also associated with these genes.)
	First-degree relative w/ breast cancer
	Early menarche ( 55 years)
	High breast tissue density
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18
Q

What are the modifiable risk factors for breast cancer?

A

 Nulliparity (no kids) or first child after age 30 years
 Never breastfed
 Recent oral contraceptive use
 Recent and long-term estrogen and progestin use
 Alcohol intake of ≥ 1 drink daily
 Obesity (especially after menopause) and high fat diet
 Physical inactivity

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19
Q

What is Cheyne-stokes breathing?

A

regular irregular rhythm that cycles from deep and fast to shallow and slow, with some periods of apnea

20
Q

Agonal breathing

A

found in PTs at end of life.

Irregular pattern with changing rate and depth

21
Q

apnea

A

no breaths

22
Q

kussmaul breathing

A

seen in PTs with DKA bc body is attempting to remove CO2 to normalize pH

23
Q

Crackles (coarse and fine)

A

discontinuous sounds cause by fluid in the airways or alveoli, or that result from the opening of collapsed airways and alveoli as they reinflate during deep breathing (hairs rubbing or velcro)

24
Q

Wheezes

A

continuous, high-pitched, musical sounds caused by air squeezing through narrowed airways (seen in ASTHMA, bronchitis, emphysema) generally on expiration)

25
Q

Rhonchi

A

continuous, low-pitched, snoring sounds resulting from secretions moving around in airways (may CLEAR with coughing, seen in PTs with chronic bronchitis or pneumonia)

26
Q

pleural friction rub

A

loud, coarse and low-pitched grating or creaking sound (squeaky door). Seen in pleuritis

27
Q

stridor

A

loud, high-pitched, crowing or honking sound louder in upper airway

seen in croup, obstructed airway, epiglottis

28
Q

A 92-year-old woman with a history of COPD presents with increasing shortness of breath, decreased lung sounds in the bases, increased ankle edema, and 5-lb weight gain in 1 week. What is the most likely problem?

A

excess fluid volume

COPD PTs often retain fluid because of the increased workload of the heart that the disease imposes

29
Q

What is the most common cause of COPD?

A

smoking!

30
Q

When the nurse assesses the client with respiratory symptoms, which of the following complaints should be evaluated first?

a. chest pain
b. dyspnea
c. cough
d. sputum

A

dyspnea

31
Q

tactile fremitus

A

a vibration felt on the patient’s chest during low frequency vocalization.

32
Q

what are the various patterns recommended for breast exams

A

vertical patter, circular patter, wedge pattern

33
Q

Gynecomastia

A

enlargement of man’s breasts

34
Q

when is the best time to palpate the breasts?

A

4-7 days after the menstrual cycle begins

The breasts are least congested and smallest right after the menstrual period (or days 4 to 7 of the menstrual cycle).

35
Q

Paget’s disease

A

an inflammation of the nipple associated with breast cancer.

36
Q

In older women, secretion of estrogen and progesterone decreases, leading to

A

atrophy of the glandular tissue and its replacement with fibrous connective tissue. This tissue feels granular

37
Q

It is important to examine the upper outer quadrant of the breast because it is

A

where most tumors develop (called the tail of spence)

38
Q

fibroadenoma

A

a tumor formed of mixed fibrous and glandular tissue, typically occurring as a benign growth in the breast.

39
Q

Peau d’orange (orange peel skin) appearance is highly suggestive of which of the following?

A

breast cancer

40
Q

The correct position in which to place the patient to palpate the breasts is

A

supine with arm over head.

41
Q

stridor is a high-pitched, inspiratory crowing sound commonly associated with

A

upper airway obstruction

42
Q

where does the nurse expect to auscultate bronchovesicular lung sounds in a healthy adult?

A

near the sternal border

43
Q

a nurse hears inspiratory and expiratory wheezes bilaterally. What is the meaning of this?

A

narrowed airways

44
Q

a known risk factor for breast cancer includes:

A

early menarche or late menopause

45
Q

which woman in the US has the highest incidence for development of breast cancer?

a. african american
b. american indian
c. white
d. asian

A

white

HAP FINAL - CK (9 decks)

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