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Pathology 2220 > Week 6: Lifestyle and Disease > Flashcards

Week 6: Lifestyle and Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What is good nutrition?

A

A balanced diet comprised of protein,carbohydrates, fats vitamins and minerals

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2
Q

Essential nutrients _______ be synthesised in the body.

A

Cannot be synthesised in the body

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3
Q

What are the Major nutrients?

A 
Water
AAs
Electrolytes
Trace Elements
Vitamins
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4
Q

Iodine is a dietary ___________ that is needed to ______________________.

A

Trace Mineral

Synthesise Thyroid Hormone

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5
Q

Iodine deficiency is the most common cause of preventable ____________ and _______________. The deficiency causes __________.

A

Brain damage
Mental retardation
Cretinism

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6
Q

Cretinism is caused by __________ and results in __________, ____________ and ______________.

A

Iodine deficiency
Short stature
Mental retardation
Bony Deformities

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7
Q

Chronic Iodine deficiency results in ______________________.

A

Goitre Development

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8
Q

Vitamin D is derived from the _______ and _____________________________________.

A

Diet (D2)

Formed in the skin by a reaction involving UV light action (D3)

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9
Q

How do we clasify Vitamin D deficiency by blood levels?

A

Optimal - 50-62.5 nmol/L
Mild - 30-49 nmol/L
Moderate - 12.5-29 nmol/L
Severe -

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10
Q

What are the risk factors for Vitamin D deficiency?

A 
• Dark skin
• Elderly / Institutionalised
• Photosensitivity
• Patients with hip fracture, osteoporosis,
osteomalacia, etc
• Medications eg: anticonvulsants, glucocorticoids
• Chronic illness  or disability
• Malabsorption syndromes
• Obesity
• Working in enclosed environment
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11
Q

Vitamin D deficiency is correlated with ___________, ___________ and _______.

A

Osteoporosis
Osteomalacia
Rickets

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12
Q

Vitamin A is also known as:

A

Retinol, Retinal, Retinoic acid

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13
Q

Vitamin A has multiple functions including functions in ______________________, ______________________ and ___________.

A

Growth and development
Maintenance of immune system
Good vision

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14
Q

What are the sources of Vitamin A?

A 
• Foods of animal origin
eg: cod liver oil, liver. butter
• Carotenes
eg; carrots, sweet potato, spinach
• Breast milk is a natural source (mother
has to be Vit A replete)
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15
Q

Vitamin A deficiency is associated with ______________________ and made worse by __________________________________________.

A

Inadequate dietary intake

by high rates of infection especially diarrhoea and measles

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16
Q

What are the clinical complications of Vitamin A deficiency

A 
• Premature death
• Susceptible to infection
• Ocular manifestations:
- Blindness (children)
- Night blindness (pregnant women)
- Corneal ulceration (keratomalacia)
- Leading cause of preventable blindness in children
17
Q

What are the sources of folate?

A

• Natural form of vitamin found in food
eg: Green leafy vegetables, fruits, cereals, grains, nuts,
and meats
• Water-soluble B vitamin
• Folic acid is the synthetic form of the vitamin used in fortification

18
Q

What causes folate deficiency?

A 
• Nutritional Deficiency
• Malabsorption
- Coeliac disease
- Inflammatory bowel disease
• Drugs
• Increased requirements
- Pregnancy
- Lactation
19
Q

Iron is present in 2 forms; ____________________________ and ____________________________.

A

Haem iron from meat, poultry and fish

Non-haem iron in vegetables and fruit

20
Q

Iron absorption _________ when iron levels are low

A

Increases

21
Q

Briefly describe Iron metabolism:

A

• Once absorbed, iron is bound to transport
protein, transferrin.
• Readily taken up by bone marrow.
• Iron losses in the body are generally low:
- desquamated skin cells and occult blood loss in
urine and faeces.
- menstruating women (additional 1-2 mg/day)

22
Q

How do we test for Iron deficiency?

A

• Iron depletion
- Hb normal, ferritin low but above 10 ug/L
• Iron deficiency
- Hb normal, ferritin

23
Q

What is diabetes?

A

The name given to a group of chronic conditions characterised by increased circulating blood glucose (hyperglycaemia) due to to reduced or ineffective use of insulin

24
Q

What are the 2 categories of diabetes?

A 
Type 1 (5-10% of cases)
Type 2
25
Q

The __ cells on the pancreas release insulin in response to ______________

A

β cells

High glucose levels

26
Q

What is the role of insulin

A
  • Increases the uptake of glucose by the cells

- Causes Glycogenesis, or the formation of glycogen

27
Q

What is the role of glucagon and what cells secrete it?

A
  • Secreted by α-cells of pancreas

- Causes the breakdown of glycogen via Glycogenolysis

28
Q

What are the characteristics of Type 1 Diabetes?

A
  • Early onset
  • Unknown trigger
  • Associated with autoantibodies
  • Associated with autoimmune disease
  • Symptomatic on presentation
  • Absolute insulin deficiency
29
Q

What are the characteristics of Type 2 Diabetes?

A
  • Later onset >30yo
  • Linked to besity
  • Associated with family history
  • Progressive
  • Often Asymptomatic
  • Insulin resistant
30
Q

What is the genetic susceptibility for Type 1 Diabetes?

A 
HLA Genes
Autoimmune Regulators
Autoimmune Predispositions:
       - Addison's
       - Coeliac
       - Pernicious Anaemia
       - Thyroiditis
31
Q

What are some non-autoimmune causes of pancreas destruction?

A 
Trauma
Tumour
Surgery
Cystic Fibrosis
Pancreatitis
32
Q

What is the dual mechanism of Type 2 Diabetes?

A 
Insulin resistance (Higher levels needed to maintain homeostasis)
Insulin Deficiency
33
Q

What are the risk factors for Type 2 diabetes?

A
  • Family History
  • History of gestational diabetes
  • Excess Weight
  • Ethnicity
  • Cardiovascular Disease
  • Insulin resistance syndrome
34
Q

How do we diagnose diabetes?

A
  • Fasting (<5.5mmol/L) or Random Glucose level tests
  • Oral glucose tolerance test (75g glucose is drunk and levels are monitored)
  • Glycated Haemoglobin (tells how long sugars have been high)
35
Q

What are the symptoms of Diabetes?

A 
Polydipsia and Polyphagia
Polyuria and Glycosuria
Lethargy and Stupor
Blurry Vision
Hyperventilation
Smell of Acetone on breath
Nausea and Vomiting
Abdominal Pain
36
Q

What are the Acute Complications of Diabetes?

A
  • Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
  • Hyperglycaemia Hyperosmolar State
  • Hypoglycaemia
37
Q

What are the Chronic Complications of Diabetes?

A 
DM Retinopathy
Nephropathy
Neuropathy
Stroke
Heart Disease and Failure
Gangrene

Pathology 2220 (10 decks)

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