Week 6 Lecture Flashcards
What are the 3 stages of learning and memory?
- encoding (acquisition and consolidation)
- storage
- retrieval
What is the time length of sensory memory? (conscious)
milliseconds to seconds
What is the time length of short term and working memory? (conscious)
seconds to minutes. 7+/- 2 items
What is that time length of long term non-declarative memory? (not conscious memory)
days to years
What is the time length of long term declarative memory? (conscious)
days to years
What types of memories are involved in declarative memory?
facts
events
What types of memories are involved in non declarative memory? (4)
- procedural memory
- perceptual representation
- classical conditioning
- non-associative learning
What is included in the medial temporal lobe?
- hippocampus
- parahippcampal, entorhinal and perirhinal cortices
What is included in the subcortical strictures of memeory?
- fortox
- anterior thalamic nuclei
- mammillary bodies
- amygdala
What are some cortical regions involved in memory?
- prefrontal cortex
- inferotemporal cortex
What is the cerebellum and striatum related to in memory?
cerebellum (motor, conditioning)
striatum (habit)
What is the mismatch field?
a magnetic field which elicits a high tone among standard low tones
What is the atkinson and shiffrin modal model of memroy?
- sensory input
- short term storage (attention)
- long term storage (rehearsal)
What are the two components of the central executive
- visuospatial sketch pad
2. phonological loop
Which hemisphere is the phonological working memory primarily involved in?
left hemisphere
What does the hippocampus mean in Greek?
seahorse
Damage to the medial temporal lobe can cause what?
severe anterograde amnesia and variable retrograde amnesia, while short term and declarative memory are spared
Describe the case of HM
- bilateral resection of the medial temporal lobe for epilepsy
- severe anterograde amnesia
- retrograde amnesia approx. 2 years prior
- spared STM
Do amnesics squire some new semantic memories?
yes, but they don’t know always the source of this knowledge
What happened in patient KC?
Severe anterograde and retrograde amnesia after a motorbike accident, some factual knowledge
What happened in patient EP?
could make category judgement
What is global cerebral ischemia?
loss of blood to the brain
What is transient global amnesia?
typically last 4-6 hours
disruption to the blood flow of the medial temporal lobe
What is Korsakoff’s syndrome?
caused by chronic consumption of alcohol
severe anterograde and retrograde amnesis
What are some pathological changes seen in alzheimer’s disease?
-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles
What are some signs of predementia alzheimer’s?
both anterograde and retrograde amnesia
What is post-traumatic amnesia?
memory loss following head injury
concussion/coma
anterograde and retrograde amnesia
What is long term memory consolidation and what is some evidence for this?
slower, permanent consolidation
evidence comes from the fact that our most recent memories are likely to be lost first
Where are memories believed to be stored long term?
in the neocortex
Could HM form new explicit or implicit memories?
implicit - if he learned a task, he would not remember, yet would know how to do the task
What is involved in the pretraining of monkeys in the delayed, non matching to sample task?
- habituate the monkey in the environment
- learn that food pellets are available in the food wells
- learn to move objects to get food
Did the delayed non matching to sample task model HM’s case?
yes
What is the mumby box?
The same as the monkey delayed non matching to sample but with rats
What are two examples of how hippocampal lesions affect spatial memory tasks in rodent?
- morris water maze (contextual memory)
2. radial arm maze (reference memory and working memory)
What are place cells?
they fire when the animal when animal is in a specific place
what are entorhinal grid cells?
cells that fire if we move our heads in a certain direction, or are at a border
What are some types of encoded cells?
- time cells
- social space
- concept cells (Jennifer Aniston neurons, which fired to the concept of the person, not just the picture)
- engram cells (light)
Do concept cells (or Jennifer Aniston neurons) fire to the concept of Jennifer Aniston or just the image of her?
the concept- name, sound, picture
What is optogenetics?
Uses light to turn cells on or off
Which frontal cortex is better at encoding episodic information and encoding retrieval or semantic information?
the left frontal cortex
Which frontal cortex is better at retrieving episodic information?
the right frontal cortex
On a cellular level, long term potentiation affects memory how?
Activation of neurons through studying results in a greater activation which results in a stronger connection between two neurons. This strengthening encodes long term memory
