Week 11 Lecture Flashcards
What are 4 types of attention?
- arousal/alertness
- vigilance/sustained attention
- selective attention
- divided attention
What is arousal mediated by?
the reticular activating system
What are 2 models of attention (2)
- voluntary attention
- reflexive attention
- overt attention
- covert attention
What is voluntary attention?
intentional, top down, goal directed, guided by knowledge, experience
What is reflexive attention?
attentional capture, bottom up, stimulus driven
What is top down processing?
knowledge driven
What is overt attention?
move, eyes, head body towards region of interest
What is covert attention?
attention to spatial locations independent of eye gaze
What is dichotic listening tasks?
attention to one ear leads to better encoding and loss or degradation of information from the unattended ear
What are are two exams of selective listening?
- cocktail party phenomenon
2. dichotic listening task
What is proposed in the Broadbent’s bottleneck theory?
early models which postulated early selection, selection prior to completion of perceptual analysis
What is late selection in early models proposed of attention?
says that selection occurs after some semantic encoding
What is Treisman’s attenuation theory (1969).
somewhat combines early and late selection models
What is unilateral spatial neglect?
neglect of one side of space following unilateral damage to cortical or subcortical areas (on the opposite side of the lesion)
Does unilateral spatial neglect usually improve over time?
yes
Unilateral spatial neglect patients general show what?
an eye movement bias towards unlesioned side
Can double dissociation occur both in imagined and real life objects?
Yes
Double disassociation can occur both in what?
object based, space based, real of imagined
What is extinction in unilateral spatial neglect lesioned patients?
failure to perceive or act on stimuli contralateral to lesions when simultaneously presented with stimulus ipsilateral to lesion
What are the 3 main symptoms of Balint’s syndrome?
- inability to perceive more than an object at a time
- inability to reach in direction of an object under visual guidance
- inability to voluntarily shift gaze to new visual stimuli
What is simultanagnosia?
inability to perceive more than an object at a time
What is optic ataxia?
inability to reach in direction of an object under visual guidance
What is ocular apraxia?
inability to voluntarily shift gaze to new visual stimuli
What are the parietal lobes concerned with?
Interpreting the 3D representation of our world.
Attentional modulation of visual ERPs occur as early as what?
70-90 ms in voluntary spatial cues in tasks, evidence for early attention
Can visual attention effects even manifest before cortical processing?
yes, at the level of the thalamus
Both spatial and feature cues can improve performance, but what occurs later in processing?
attention
Where are some places that selective attention can be directed to?
spatial locations, features, objects, resulting in enhanced processing
According to Petersen and Posner’s theory of attentional network, what are the 3 aspects responsible for attention?
- alerting
- orienting
- executive control
What is alerting according to Petersen and Posners, 2012 model of attentional network?
general level or arousal/vigilance
What is orienting according to Petersen and Posners, 2012 model of attentional network?
directing of attention to prioritise external information
What is executive control according to Petersen and Posners, 2012 model of attentional network?
higher level regulation of information from other systems
What is the alerting network?
- automatic/arousal based
- norepinephrine projections from midbrain to cortex
- tonic alerting
- phasic alterting
What is orienting network?
prioritise information by selecting location, feature, modality etc
maybe mediated by acetyl choline
What is the executive control network?
- top down control over other systems
- mediated by dopamine?
- implicated in ADHD
What are the 2 networks in the executive control networks>
- fronto-parietal network
2. cingulo-opercular network
What is the dorsal control network postulated to be used for in attention?
goal directed, spatial attention
What is the ventral reorienting network postulated to be used for in attention?
reflexive, non-spatial, right lateralised
What are the subcortical areas in attention?
superior colliculus, pulvinar of thalamus
What are frontal eye fields important for in the dorsal attention network?
voluntary eye movements, gaze shifts, and covert visuospatial attention
What are parietal areas important for in the dorsal attention network?
enhanced activity when stimulus is target of saccadic eye movements, covert attention,
What is the ventral attention network important for?
-detecting novelty and multimodal attentional reorienting
What is damage to the ventral attention network often associated with?
neglect
Posner showed that neglect patients have difficulty orienting attention to where after being cued to ipsilesional space?
contralesional space
What are the 2 things which the superior colliculus important for?
- detect and shift attention to salient locations via reflexive eye movements
- responds when eye movements are made to attended targets (overt shifts of attention)
What is the pulvinar important for (attention)?
- important for covert and overt attention
- engagement of spatial attention
- filtering distracting information
What did Peterson find when injecting a GABA agonist in the pulvinar?
disrupts shifting of covert attention to contralateral visual field regardless of cue validity
