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Psychology across the lifespan > Week 6 - Lecture 6 - Romantic Relationships > Flashcards

Week 6 - Lecture 6 - Romantic Relationships Flashcards

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1
Q

Briefly explain the gender-bread person

A

Includes:
- gender identity (womaness, manness)
- gender expression (feminine, masculine)
- biological sex (femaleness, maleness)
- sexually attracted to (nobody to women/females/femininity or men/males/masculinity)
- romantically attracted to (nobody to women/females/femininity or men/males/masculinity)

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2
Q

What did Plato say love is?

A

A serious mental disease

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3
Q

What did Aristotle say love is?

A

Love is composed of a single sole inhabiting two bodies

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4
Q

What are the 3 points of Sternberg’s triangular theory of love (1988)

A

intimacy, passion, commitment

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5
Q

what is it called in the triangular love theory when all three components are present?

A

consummate love

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6
Q

what is it called in the triangular love theory when only intimacy is present?

A

liking

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7
Q

what is it called in the triangular love theory when only commitment is present?

A

empty love

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8
Q

what is it called in the triangular love theory when only passion is present?

A

infatuation

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9
Q

what is it called in the triangular love theory when only intimacy and commitment are present?

A

companionate love

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10
Q

what is it called in the triangular love theory when only intimacy and passion are present?

A

romantic love

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11
Q

what is it called in the triangular love theory when only passion and commitment are present?

A

fatuous love

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12
Q

what is companionate love?

A

intimacy and commitment

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13
Q

what is liking?

A

intimacy

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14
Q

what is empty love?

A

commitment

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15
Q

what is fatuous love?

A

passion and commitment

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16
Q

what is infatuation

A

passion

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17
Q

what is romantic love?

A

passion and intimacy

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18
Q

what is consummate love?

A

intimacy and passion and commitment

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19
Q

who came up with the triangular theory of love?

A

Sternberg (1988)

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20
Q

What theory did Sternberg (1988) come up with?

A

Triangular theory of love

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21
Q

Basic principle of Sternberg’s triangular theory of love

A

different forms of love depending on which of the components are present

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22
Q

Briefly explain Sternberg’s triangular love scale (1997)

A

45 item scale about their role/how they are in a relationship

WEIRD population - white, educated, intelligent, rich, democratic

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23
Q

WEIRD

A

white
educated
intelligent
rich
democratic

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24
Q

factors effecting attractiveness

A

proximity
familiarity
attitude similarity
hot and crowded room
fear and love

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25
Q

how does proximity effect attractiveness?

A

Festinger et al., 1950

geographically proximal showed more increased interpersonal attraction

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26
Q

how does familiarity effect attractiveness?

A

Moreland and Beach, 1992

the more they saw the researcher, the more they were perceived as attractive due to familiarity

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27
Q

how does attitude similarity effect attractiveness?

A

Newcomb (1956)
- 17 male ppts lived together in shared room
- initially, proximity predicted attraction
- over time, students with similar attitudes became more interpersonally attracted
- attitude similarity > proximity

Tidwell et al., (2013)
- 187 undergraduate students attended a speed-dating event and interacted with around 12 members of the opposite sex for 4 mins each
pre/post date actual and perceived similarity for each pair
perceived, but not actual, similarity significantly predicted romantic liking
- opposes view that opposites attract

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28
Q

what has the biggest impact on attractiveness, proximity or attitude similarity?

A

attitude similarity > proximity
Newcomb (1956)

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29
Q

how does a hot and crowded room effect attractiveness?

A

Griffit and Veitch (1971)

hot temp was 34 vs 23 degrees for normal

too hot or too crowded environment linked with lower attractiveness

30
Q

how does fear and love effect attractiveness?

A

The Capilano Suspension bridge Study (Dutton and Aron, 1974)

  • condition A: scary bridge
  • condition b: safe bridge
  • thematic apperception test
  • researcher provided phone number
  • significanly more romantic content in the stories and phone calls for those who crossed the fear inducing bridge
  • increased physiological (fear) arousal on scary bridge and therefore arousal redirected into attractiveness to researcher (misattribution of arousal)
31
Q

What data collection and analysis methods did Gottman’s love lab pioneer?

A

Filmed couples
– Positive and Negative interactions
– Talk table
– Rating dial during conflict discussions (video-recall)
– Coding systems for positive/negative affect
– Physiological measures (e.g., skin conductance, heart rate, gross motor activity)
– Longitudinal studies
– Oral history

32
Q

What is the seven day love prescription?

A

mon - turn towards and seek connection
tue - ask a big question
wed - thank you
thurs - compliment
fri - ask for what you need
sat - mini touch
sun - set up a date fortress

33
Q

what do the four horsemen of the apocalypse show?

A

aspects causing issues if present in a relationship

34
Q

what are the four horsemen of the apocalypse?

A

criticism
defensiveness
contempt
stonewalling

35
Q

how to overcome criticism in a relationship (four horsemen of the apocalypse)

A

talk about feelings with ‘I’ statements instead of ‘you’

36
Q

how to overcome defensiveness in a relationship (four horsemen of the apocalypse)

A

accept responsibility instead

37
Q

how to overcome contempt in a relationship (four horsemen of the apocalypse)

A

treat with respect and appreciation instead

38
Q

how to overcome stonewalling in a relationship (four horsemen of the apocalypse)

A

break for at least 20 mins, calm down and return to conversation instead of trying to continue at that moment

39
Q

which of the four horsemen is the worst?

A

contempt

40
Q

what is criticism? (four horsemen of the apocalypse)

A

verbally attacking personality or character

41
Q

what is contempt? (four horsemen of the apocalypse)

A

attacking sense of self with an intent to insult or abuse

42
Q

what is defensiveness? (four horsemen of the apocalypse)

A

victimising yourself to ward off a perceived attack and reverse the blame

43
Q

what is stonewalling? (four horsemen of the apocalypse)

A

withdrawing to avoid conflict and convey disapproval, distance and separation

44
Q

study of homosexual vs heterosexual relationships

A

Homosexual vs. Heterosexual relationships
* Gottmanetal.(2003)
– Compared 40 homosexual and 40 heterosexual couples (matched - in terms of education, income, etc)
– Comparable relationship quality and satisfaction
– Affect during conflict for the receiving partner in a homosexual relationship was positive and negative for the receiving partner in a heterosexual relationship
– During conflict, homosexual couples use fewer hostile tactics during conflict than heterosexual couples

45
Q

what was affect like during conflict like for the receiving partner in a homosexual and heterosexual relationship? (Gottman et al., 2003)

A

positive for homosexual
negative for heterosexual

46
Q

during conflict, do homosexual couples or heterosexual couples use fewer or more hostile tactics? (Gottman et al., 2003)

A

homosexual couples use fewer hostile tactics

47
Q

study on predicting divorce and when

A

Gottman and Leveson (2000)

14-year longitudinal with 79 heterosexual couples, started in 1983 (Indiana)

48
Q

findings of Gottman and Leveson (2000) study on predicting divorce and when?

A
  • presence of any of the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse = divorced after an average of 5.6 years (9 couples)
    – Emotional disengagement presence = divorced after an average of 9.4 years (13 couples)
    – Divorce predictions had 93% accuracy
49
Q

magic ratio of positive: negative interactions during conflict

A

5:1

50
Q

magic ratio of positive: negative interactions outside of conflict

A

20:1

51
Q

social exchange theory

A

Relationship between two people is created through a process of cost-benefit analysis (including factors like time and money, etc, as well as intimacy, trust, etc)
* Cost reward ratio
* Minimax - Strive to maximise rewards and minimise costs
* Profit – rewards exceed costs (both in state of profit maintains relationship)

  • Comparison used to assess profit
    1. Comparison Level (deserved reward amount)
    2. Comparison Level of Alternatives (would other relationships be more profitable than current)
52
Q

Levinger (1980) 4 signs of relationship breakdown

A
  1. A new life is the only solution
  2. Alternatives are available (other people are available)
  3. Expectation that the relationship will fail (no saving it)
  4. Lack of commitment
53
Q

what are the factors impacting a persons response to relationship breakdown?

A

passive, active, constructive, destructive (Rusbullt and Zembrodt, 1983)

54
Q

what will a passive and constructive response to relationship breakdown lead to?

A

loyalty - just staying put

55
Q

what will a passive and destructive response to relationship breakdown lead to?

A

neglect - no effort, time or commitment put in

56
Q

what will an active and constructive response to relationship breakdown lead to?

A

voice behaviour - talking about problems and trying to come up with a solution to fix them

57
Q

what will an active and destructive response to relationship breakdown lead to?

A

exit behaviour - relationship ends

58
Q

what are relationship enhancement programmes?

A

“…those that aim to improve the relationship between two people who are involved romantically” (Reardon-Anderson, 2005, p. 5)

education not therapy, prevention not cure

enhancing a relationship whilst we are in it to avoid relationship counselling later down the line

59
Q

positive outcomes of relationship enhancement programmes

A

Stanley, et al. (2002)
– Specific skills (e.g., conflict management, team working)
– Reduce number of negative interactions
– Maintain higher levels of relationship satisfaction
– Reduced chance of break-up
– Effects can last up to 5 years

  • Benefits in terms of pre-marital, marital and family satisfaction (Guerney & Maxson, 1990)
60
Q

definitions of relationship maintenance

A

Dindia & Canary (1993) “…the strategies used to keep a relationship in a specified state.”

  • Canary & Stafford (1991;1992): Relationship maintenance behaviours are verbal/nonverbal expressions and actions that sustain and contributes to the quality and growth of the relationship (allowing relationship to grow and develop)
  • Canary&Stafford(1994): A relationship needs to be maintained or it will end (if we neglect the relationship it will end)
61
Q

Rhind and Jewett (2010) research on coach-athlete relationships

A

Interviews were conducted with 6 coaches and 6 athletes on their coach-athlete relationship
1. “Think of a time when you felt close, committed or complementary towards your coach/athlete…what factors contributed to this?”
2. “Think of a time when you did not feel close, committed or complementary towards your coach/athlete…what factors contributed to this?”

compass model

62
Q

What are the elements of the COMPASS model (what does it stand for?)

A

conflict management
openness
motivational
preventative
assurance
support
social networks

63
Q

conflict management (COMPASS)

A

being able to negotiate and solve problem in a clam manner

proactive

64
Q

openness (COMPASS)

A

being able to talk about everything

65
Q

motivational (COMPASS)

A

wider relationships should keep going

66
Q

preventative (COMPASS)

A

to prevent conflict management

setting up boundaries and expectations

67
Q

assurance (COMPASS)

A

committed to relationship and being there for someone

followed up with action rather than just verbalising

68
Q

support (COMPASS)

A

being able to notice when something isn’t right and then having a conversation about it to offer support

69
Q

social networks

A

having shared networks between you both

70
Q

LGBT+ study

A

Haas & Lannutti (2022)
* 1, 303 participants (USA)

  • Gender
    – Cisgender male (n = 604, 46.4%),
    – Cisgender female (n = 628, 48.2%)
    – Female-to-male transgender (n = 15, 1.2%)
    – Male-to-female transgender (n = 10, .8%)
    – Nonbinary (n = 3 2.7%)
    – Other (n = 11, 2.7%)
  • Sexual orientation:
    – Gay (n = 608, 46.7%)
    – Lesbian (n = 486, 37.3%)
    – Bisexual (n = 96, 7.4%)
    – Queer (n = 77, 5.9%)
    – Straight (n = 5, .4%)
    – Other (n = 31, 2.4%)
  • Online survey
    – Relational outcomes (commitment, satisfaction, closeness, control mutuality, resilience)
    – Engagement in relational maintenance behaviours
  • Results:
    – Assurances emerged as the primary predictor of all of the relational outcomes (similar to heterosexual relationships)
    – Higher use of communicating relational assurances in unmarried relationships
    – Commitment was positively predicted by shared networks
    – Satisfaction was positivity predicted by conflict management and shared networks
71
Q

CARM-Q

A

Coach Athlete Relationship Maintenance Questionnaire
* Item generation of 50 items
* Content validity assessed by expert panels
* Tested with coach and athletes
* 28-items measure to develop to measure the 7 strategies within the COMPASS model

72
Q

Rhind and Jewett (2011) CARM-Q study

A

Rhind & Jowett (2011) administered the CARM-Q to 146 athletes and 105 coaches along with the Coach Athlete Relationship Questionnaire (CART-Q)

  • Strongassociationswerefoundbetweenthe measures
    – Closeness was associated with openness, support and social networks
    – Commitment was associated with motivation and assurance
    – Complementarity was associated with conflict management and preventative strategies

use of COMPASS strategies leads to these positive outcomes in relationships

Psychology across the lifespan (4 decks)

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