Week 6 - Foot Disease II Flashcards
Diabetes Mellitus (DM)
- Chronic metabolic condition
- failure of the body to maintain normal glucose levels because of failure to produce sufficient insulin pr failure for body to effectively use the insulin it produces
- when someone with DM consumes glucose, instead of turning into energy it stays in the blood = blood glucose levels are higher in people with diabetes
T1DM
- stems from a complex disease process
- hyperglycaemia - genetic + environmental
- autoimmune: destruction of pancreatic beta cells = insulin deficient state
- not linked to modifiable lifestyle factors, no prevention, no cure
- exact casue is unknown
T1DM symptoms
- excessive thirst and urination
- always hungry
- dizzy
- headaches
- mood swings
- unexplained weight loss
- weakness + fatigue
- blurred vision
Late onset autoimmune disease in adults (LADA)
later onsent requiring insulin shortly after diagnosis
- 30-40 yrs of age
- personal or fam history of autoimmune disease
T2DM
- progressive condition in which body becomes resistant to normal effects of insulin and/or gradually loses the capacity to produce enough insulin in the pancreas
- unknown casue
- associated with modifiable lifestyle risk factors
- strong genetic and family related risk factors
- adults over 45 yrs old
What happens in T2DM
- develops over long period of time
- characterised by insulin resistance
- as a result of insulin resistance compenstatory hypersecretion of insulin
= decreased pancreatic islet secretory function
by time of diagnosis - loss of 50-70% of insulin producing cells
T2DM high risk factors
family history
over 55
over 45 and overweight
over 45 and high BP
over 35 and aboriginal or torre straight islander background
women who have given birth to a child over 4.5kg or had gestational diabetes when preg
T2DM Symptoms
excessively thirsty
passing more uring
tired and lethargic
always feeling hungry
cuts that heal slowly
ithcing, skin infections
blurred vision
gradulally putting on weight
mood swings
headaches
dizzy
leg cramps
Other types of DM
Gestational - during preg: higher than normal BGs levels during pregnancy
Secondary DM - secondary to other conditions (pancreatic disease, hormonal, durg or chemical expsoure), medication induced diabetes
Pre- diabetes
Bgs are higher than normal but not enough to be T2DM
no signs or symptoms
high risk of T2DM + CVD
2 conditions: impaired glucose tolerance, impaired fasting glucose
HbA1C
Glycosylated haemoglobin
- proteins in the body chemically react with glucose
- HbA1c is glycosylated haemoglobin and reflects the avg blood glucose over the lifespan of the red blood cells containing it - gold standard for assessing glycaemic control
- shows avg of the blood glucose level over past 10-12 weeks and arranged by dr every 3-6 months
- general HbA1c in people with T2DM is <7%
- rate of glycosylation depends on the BGL and HbA1c accumulated in the red cell during its circulation in the body
DM COmplications - macrovascular
cardiovascular
periphal vascular disease
cerebral vascular disease
DM COmplications - microvascular
nephropathy
retinopathy
neuropathy
DM Complications
depression
chronic disease
sleep apnoa
High Risk Foot
where nuropathy, ischemia and infection lead to tissue break down possibly resulting in aputation
