Week 6 (Exam 3) Flashcards
Recommended opioids w/ Hepatic insufficiency
Fentanyl: totally safe
Codeine, Meperidine, Methadone: totally unsafe
Endocannabinoid transmission process
Produced in post-synapse, raising intracellular Ca++
This activates DAG lipase
Cannabinoids go into space, bind CB1Rs pre-synapse
This inhibits Adenylyl cyclase, pre-syn hyperpolarization
Suvorexant MOA
Blocks Orexin (wakefulness) binding Lemborexant is similar
Preferred obstetric analgesic
Meperidine: less effect on fetal respiration and uterine contractions
Genito-pelvic pain penetration disorder
persistent or recurring difficulties with 1+ for 6mos:
Vaginal penetration
Vulvovaginal or pelvic pain during sex
Fear or anxiety about pain before or during sex
Tension or tightening of pelvic floor muscles during
Withdrawl symptoms associated with barbiturates, benzos, and EtOH
Anxiety, insomnia, delirium, tremors, seizures, death
Female orgasmic disorder
delay in or absence of orgasm 70-100% of the time for 6 mos
Cannabinoids
Anandamide (partial agonist)
2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG, full agonist)
Splitting
People are either pure good or pure evil
Primitive, seen in borderline personality disorder
Lithium metabolism
Monovalent Ion
Competes with Na, builds up in Principal cells of CD
Can cause ADH resistance: Polyuria/polydipsia
(picture of nephrogenic DI)
Tourettes
multiple motor and vocal tics for more than 1 year
clinical triad of ACD, ADHD, Tourettes
Blocking
Temporary inhibition of thinking. Just “stops” momentarily
Neurotic
Black box warning for diazepam / benzos
Dont use with opioids: respiratory depression, coma, death
Drugs approved to tx tourettes
Haloperidol, Pimozide, Aripirazole
Undoing
Hoping to fix or reverse previously unacceptable behavior
Bulemia, intimate partner violence, compulsive behavior, superstition, checking behavior
Neurotic
Whats the difference between 2 and 3-amine SNRIs?
2 favors NE over 5-HT
3 favors 5-HT over NE (except clomipramine/amitriptyline)
Other SNRIs favor 5HT
Introjection / identification
Unconsciously taking others behaviors or emotions and internalizing them (when aware of it, its imitation)
Neurotic
Most common cause of death in abused children
Neglect
Modafinil
For Adults Only, tx ADHD
Inhibits DA reuptake
Persistent (chronic) motor or vocal tic disorder
One or the other, not both!
Trazodone MOA
Heterocyclic / Atypical antidepressant that acts as an SSRI and SARA (serotonin adrenergic receptor antagonist)
Bulemia criteria
Binge eating and inappropriate compensatory behaviors at least 2x/week for 3 mos
Body weight can be variable, unlike AN
Cluster A personality disorders
Schizotypal (magical/bizarre beliefs, egocentric)
Paranoid
Schizoid (loner by choice, flat affect)
Loperamide
u-agonist that cant readily cross BBB
Indicated for acute and chronic diarrhea
Take a lot to get high? risk torsade
Cluster B personality disorders
Borderline (impulsive, emotional, self-harm)
Histrionic
Antisocial
Narcissist
Lithium MOA
Limits DA (via Gs and Gi) and Glutamate (via NMDA)
Increases GABA release and GABAb receptors
Limits Myoinosital (via IPPase and IMPase)
Limits PKC and MARCKS (anti-manic) and GSK-3
Increases CREB, producing BDNF and Bcl-2 (protect)
Varenicline MOA
Nicotinic receptor partial agonist
This is Chantix
Special MOA of Vortioxetine
SSRI that is also a 5HT-1b partial agonist
Full agnost to 5HT-1a
Full antagonist to 5HT-1D(3,7)
What two clinical indications are specific for administering Clozapine as an anti-psychotic?
Multi-drug resistant disease
Psychosis with anti-suicidal-thoughts/behaviors
Lithium Na/K-drug interations
Diuretics (esp thiazides): Na loss, Li reabsorption
ACEi’s (esp Lisinopril): renal eliminated
NSAIDs: alteration of renal perfusion
Why would you want to tirade down from clonidine
Risk of Rebound HTN
do it over 1+ weeks depending on dose to discontinue
How do you treat a psychosis patient with poor adherence?
Long Acting Injectabe Agents
Risperidone, Olanzapine, Aripiprazole lauroxil (and paliperidone palmitate - fyi)
Non-stimulant ADHD medication MOA
Inhibit NE pre-synaptic uptake
Agnoists of CNS a2a adrenergics (guanfacine/clonidine)
Suspicious abuse injuries
Posterior rib fractures Scapular fracture Spinous process fracture Sternal fracture Metaphyseal lesions
Causes of positive schizophrenia sx
Overactive mesolimbic pathway
VTA to Nucleus Accumbens
D2
Carbamazepine indications
acute and maintenance treatment of acute mania and mixed episodes (Bipolar I)
Major CYP450 inducer!
Sx of serotonin syndrome
Hyper-reflexia Clonus Dilated pupils Hyperactive bowels Tremors Sweating
Nigrostriatal Pathway
Fron SN to BG
Stimulates purposeful movement
D2 antagonism induces extrapyramidal sx
forms of methylphenidate rx
Tab: dexmethylphenidate (Focalin) and methylphenidate
Liquid: Methylphenidate oral
How does HTN crisis result from an MAOi?
MAO-A is necessary for tyramine metabolism in the GI
Tyramine buildup releases catecholamines
Selegiline blocks MAO more as the dose goes up
Dronabinol
Synthetic d-9-THC
For anorexia in AIDS patients, Chemo-induced N/V
Main distinction between ASD and Intellectual disability
Presence of restricted interests or repetitive behavior
XR amphetamine formulations
Adzenys XR-ODT (dl-amphetamine)
3:1 D:L
50-50 IR and XR
No water necessary, ages 6+, q.d. dosing
Therapeutic concentration of Li
0.6 - 1.2 mEq/L
Trough at steady state (7-10 days)
Tablet medications for ADHD
Dextroamphetamine (AMP/Adderall, Zenzidi)
Considerations for Guanfacine and Conidine
Do not crush, chew, or break
Ages 5+, q.d. dosing (H.S. for clonidine)
Non-stimulant treatment of ADHD
Moderate drinking
Men: 2 drinks or fewer / day
Women, people over 65: 1 or fewer/day
Special indications for alprazolam and diazepam
alprazolam has anti-depressant and anti-panic effects
diazepam has skeletal muscle relaxing effects
Major warnings associated with SSRIs
Serotonin Syndrome (sweat, hyperreflexia, tremors, etc) Suicidality (esp young people)
What unique side effect is associated with Clozapine?
Agranulocytosis
Cariprazine MOA
5HT-2a and DA antagonist
Partial DA/5HT-1a Agonist
5HT-2a/DA antagonists for tx psychosis
Iloperiodone, Lurasidone (also partial 5HT-1a agonist), Paliperidone (from risperidone), Risperidone, Ziprasidone
reaction formation
Taking unconscious threatening wishes or impulses and making them opposite
Neurotic
Opioids + anti-cholinergics
increased constipation and urinary retention
Buprenorphine MOA
Partial u-opiod receptor agonist
Somatization / Hypochondriasis
Transforms negative feelings towards others to self, pain, illness, anxiety
Neurotic
Disulfiram MOA
Irreversibly inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase
Causes extreme sickness if EtOH is consumed
Ego
Resolves conflicts
Keeps us grounded to reality
SARA Side effects
CNS (sedation): most w/ Trazadone and Mirtazapine
Orthostatic HPTN: most w/ Trazadone
Weight Gain: most w/ Mirtazapine
Mechanism behind Pre-synaptic release of NE and DA when taking Bupropion
VMAT2
Considerations of hydrocodone
Only available formulated with other drugs like ibuprofen
Enzymes that hydrolyze cannabinoids
FAAH: does Anandamide post-synapse
MAG-Lipase does 2-AG presynaptically
Doxepin
H1 antagonist, NE/5HT reuptake inhibitor
Causes sedation, maintenance for insomnia
Treatment resistant major unipolar depressive disorder
Why is codeine ineffective in some people?
They might lack the CYP2D6 Gene, which metabolizes it to morphine (required for analgesia)
Naltrexone
Prevents euphoria from opioids (but not craving)
Reduces craving for alcoholism
Causes of negative and cognitive schizophrenia sx
Mesocortical pathway dysfunction
VTA to frontal cortex
Whats the difference between SNRIs and TCAs?
TCAs are SNRIs, except they also impact:
Histamine (H1), Muscarinic (cholinergic), and a1 (adrenergic) receptors
Brexanolone
GABAa receptor (positive allosteric modulator)
Identical to Allopregnanolone, for Postpartum Depression
Superior efficacy at 60 hours, lasts up to 30 days
Histrionic comorbidities
Somatic Sx, Conversion, Depressive
Head injury and opioids
they can increase intracranial pressure and make it worse, actually
Female sexual interest / arousal disorder
At least 3 of the following for 6 months:
Absent/reduced interest; thoughts; initiation; pleasure; interest in response to cues; sensation during sex