Week 6 electrolytes Flashcards
what is the normal K+ value
what are food high in K+?
Potassium
3.5-5 mEq/L
* Foods high in K:
Fruit and fruit juices, meats, fish, wheat bread, and legumes.
Bananas oranges apricots dates raisins broccoli green beans potatoes tomatoes meats fish wheat bread and legumes
Hyperkalemia is caused by?
Potassium supplements, excessive intake,
ACE inhibitors,
Potassium-sparing diuretics,
renal failure,
acidosis, burns, infection
what causes Hypokalemia?
Corticosteroids,
Diarrhea,
Ketoacidosis,
Laxative misuse
Burns,
Thiazide,
thiazide-like,
loop diuretics,
Vomiting,
Malabsorption
what can occur if a pt is hypokalemic during digoxen therapy
serious ventricular dysrhythmias.
-cramping of the heart muscles creates a costly abnormal rhythm its an issue for hyperkalemia and hypokalemia as
what is potassium’s role in the body?
- Muscle contraction (number one sign of hypo k is muscle weakness)
- Transmission of nerve impulses*
- Regulation of heartbeat*
med admin of K
Med admin:
IV- rate no faster than 10meq/hr NOT on tele,
20meq/hr on tele.
NEVER give as an IV bolus or undiluted.
PO-Powder must be diluted in water or juice,
what should you monitor when administering hypo K admin?
c/o nausea, GI pain.
nsg implications for hypokalemia med admin
Must be given at its own IV site because of possible interactions/irritations
what should a nurse monitor when administering K
SE/AE: Oral: nausea, vomiting, GI bleeding/ulcer, diarrhea.
IV: Phlebis
what causes hyperkalemia
MACHINE
Medications: ace inhibitors NSAIDS
Acidosis: metabolic and respiratory
Cellular destruction
Hypoaldosteronism hemolysis
Intake
Nephrons, renal failure
Excretion
summarize why hyperkalemia occurs
Hyperkalemia occurs when the kidneys cannot work to remove K from the body or if the body cells release too much
Kidney disease is the most common cause of hyperkalemia
MURDER signs of hyperkalemia
Hyperkalemia signs
Muscle weakness
Urine few and none
Respiratory distress
Decreased cardiac contraction
EKG changes
Reflexes or flaccid or hyper areflexia
Hyper K treatment
Hyper Treatment:
Sodium bicarc,
calcium gluconate,
dextrose D50,
insulin IV,
hemodialysis if in renal failure
Kayexalate
What med can be given to treat hyper K
Kayexalate prevents absorption of K in the intestines thus reducing serum K levels.
Na normal values and intake
Sodium
* 135-145mEq/L
* Maintained through dietary intake of sodium chloride
* Salt, fish, meats, foods flavored or preserved with salt
Hypernatremia symptoms FRIED
Fever low grade, flushed skin
Restless/irreitable
Increased fluid retention and BP
Edema
Decreased urine output dryness
What causes hypernatremia? how is it treated?
Causes
* Poor renal excretion stemming from kidney malfunction; inadequate water consumption and dehydration
Treatment:
IV fluids of D545 and corrections should take place slowly
Hyponatremia signs SALTLOSS
Stupor/coma
Anorexia
Lethargy
Tendon reflexes
Limp muscles
Orthostatic hypotension
Seizures/headache
Stomach cramping
additonal low sodium signs
confusion headache apprehension
why does low sodium occur
Na is diluted due to too much bodily fluid
or Na is being loss
Vomiitng, diarrhea, GI suctioning, diuretics, low salt intake, IVs
hyponatremia Tx
Treatment:
Mild: oral sodium chloride and or fluid restriction
Severe: IV NS or Lactated Ringer’s
Half a normal saline of NaCL will be given with saline sugar
Saline is corrected slowly to prevent brain swelling that is irreversible
SE AE of hyponatremia
Nausea, vomiting, cramps
IV NS
what is sodium’s role in the body
- Control of water distribution
- Fluid and electrolyte balance
- Osmotic pressure of body fluids
- Participation in acid–base balance
Vitamin A comes from…
what is its function
Comes from carotenes
Essential for night and normal vision rhodopsin
Vit D examples
- Vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol)
- Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol)
Vit D role
Prevention of osteoporosis
responsible for proper utilization of Ca and phosphorus
absorption of of calcium and phosphorus necessary for normal calcification of bone and teeth
Vit K purpose in the body
Vitamin K
* Essential for the synthesis of blood coagulation factor in the liver
* Given prophylactically to newborn infants
* Reverses the effects of certain anticoagulants (warfarin)
* Patient becomes unresponsive to warfarin for approximately 1 week after vitamin K administration
Vitamin B3 is called
Niacin
what is Niacin (vit B3) used for
Antihyperlipidemic drug
* Lowers serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels by reducing very-low-density lipoprotein synthesis
Vit B3 AE
Flushing can occur if a higher dose is used for lipid control
Vitamin B12 is called
(Cyanocobalamin)
what is a manifestation of low B12
Deficiency: The most common manifestation of untreated cyanocobalamin deficiency is pernicious anemia. (lack of RBC’s)
what will pernicious anemia lead to
Leads to: neurological damage megaloblastic anemia interfere with DNA synthesis of RBCs
what causes low B12
Caused by: malabsorption, poor dietary intake (vegetarians)
The injection for B12 is purplish color
Vit C is called
Ascorbic Acid
Vit C role is
Function:
Enhances absorption of iron,
Maintenance of bone, teeth, and capillaries,
Aids in resistance to infections
low vit c =
Deficiency results in scurvy
Calcium
Calcium
* Most abundant mineral element in the body
* Highest concentration in bones and teeth
* Efficient absorption requires adequate amounts of vitamin
low Ca =
Calcium deficiency:
Osteoporosis
what is magnesium needed for
Required for:
nerve physiology,
muscle contraction
-critical mineral
What is Mg used to treat for
Preeclampsia and eclampsia,
Tocolytic drug for inhibition of uterine contractions in premature labor*
Cardiac dysrhythmias
hypermagnesium is caused by
Hypermagnesemia s/sx: Tendon reflex loss, resp distress, CNS depression
hypomagnesium is caused by
Hypomagnesemia’s main cause is alcoholism
Zinc
- Essential in metabolic reactions of proteins and carbohydrates***
- Important for normal tissue growth, repair, and wound healing***
Zinc is found in
Red meat, liver, oysters, milk, eggs, beans, nut, grains, cereals, certain seafoods
