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Pharma > Week 6 electrolytes > Flashcards

Week 6 electrolytes Flashcards

1
Q

what is the normal K+ value
what are food high in K+?

A

Potassium

3.5-5 mEq/L
* Foods high in K:
Fruit and fruit juices, meats, fish, wheat bread, and legumes.
Bananas oranges apricots dates raisins broccoli green beans potatoes tomatoes meats fish wheat bread and legumes

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2
Q

Hyperkalemia is caused by?

A

Potassium supplements, excessive intake,
ACE inhibitors,
Potassium-sparing diuretics,
renal failure,
acidosis, burns, infection

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3
Q

what causes Hypokalemia?

A

Corticosteroids,
Diarrhea,
Ketoacidosis,
Laxative misuse
Burns,
Thiazide,
thiazide-like,
loop diuretics,
Vomiting,
Malabsorption

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4
Q

what can occur if a pt is hypokalemic during digoxen therapy

A

serious ventricular dysrhythmias.
-cramping of the heart muscles creates a costly abnormal rhythm its an issue for hyperkalemia and hypokalemia as

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5
Q

what is potassium’s role in the body?

A
  1. Muscle contraction (number one sign of hypo k is muscle weakness)
  2. Transmission of nerve impulses*
  3. Regulation of heartbeat*
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6
Q

med admin of K

A

Med admin:
IV- rate no faster than 10meq/hr NOT on tele,
20meq/hr on tele.
NEVER give as an IV bolus or undiluted.
PO-Powder must be diluted in water or juice,

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7
Q

what should you monitor when administering hypo K admin?

A

c/o nausea, GI pain.

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8
Q

nsg implications for hypokalemia med admin

A

Must be given at its own IV site because of possible interactions/irritations

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9
Q

what should a nurse monitor when administering K

A

SE/AE: Oral: nausea, vomiting, GI bleeding/ulcer, diarrhea.
IV: Phlebis

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10
Q

what causes hyperkalemia

A

MACHINE
Medications: ace inhibitors NSAIDS
Acidosis: metabolic and respiratory
Cellular destruction
Hypoaldosteronism hemolysis
Intake
Nephrons, renal failure
Excretion

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11
Q

summarize why hyperkalemia occurs

A

Hyperkalemia occurs when the kidneys cannot work to remove K from the body or if the body cells release too much
Kidney disease is the most common cause of hyperkalemia

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12
Q

MURDER signs of hyperkalemia

A

Hyperkalemia signs
Muscle weakness
Urine few and none
Respiratory distress
Decreased cardiac contraction
EKG changes
Reflexes or flaccid or hyper areflexia

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13
Q

Hyper K treatment

A

Hyper Treatment:
Sodium bicarc,
calcium gluconate,
dextrose D50,
insulin IV,
hemodialysis if in renal failure
Kayexalate

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14
Q

What med can be given to treat hyper K

A

Kayexalate prevents absorption of K in the intestines thus reducing serum K levels.

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15
Q

Na normal values and intake

A

Sodium
* 135-145mEq/L
* Maintained through dietary intake of sodium chloride
* Salt, fish, meats, foods flavored or preserved with salt

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16
Q

Hypernatremia symptoms FRIED

A

Fever low grade, flushed skin
Restless/irreitable
Increased fluid retention and BP
Edema
Decreased urine output dryness

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17
Q

What causes hypernatremia? how is it treated?

A

Causes
* Poor renal excretion stemming from kidney malfunction; inadequate water consumption and dehydration

Treatment:
IV fluids of D545 and corrections should take place slowly

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18
Q

Hyponatremia signs SALTLOSS

A

Stupor/coma
Anorexia
Lethargy
Tendon reflexes
Limp muscles
Orthostatic hypotension
Seizures/headache
Stomach cramping

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19
Q

additonal low sodium signs

A

confusion headache apprehension

20
Q

why does low sodium occur

A

Na is diluted due to too much bodily fluid
or Na is being loss

Vomiitng, diarrhea, GI suctioning, diuretics, low salt intake, IVs

21
Q

hyponatremia Tx

A

Treatment:
Mild: oral sodium chloride and or fluid restriction

Severe: IV NS or Lactated Ringer’s
Half a normal saline of NaCL will be given with saline sugar
Saline is corrected slowly to prevent brain swelling that is irreversible

22
Q

SE AE of hyponatremia

A

Nausea, vomiting, cramps
IV NS

23
Q

what is sodium’s role in the body

A
  • Control of water distribution
  • Fluid and electrolyte balance
  • Osmotic pressure of body fluids
  • Participation in acid–base balance
24
Q

Vitamin A comes from…
what is its function

A

Comes from carotenes

Essential for night and normal vision rhodopsin

25
Q

Vit D examples

A
  • Vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol)
  • Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol)
26
Q

Vit D role

A

Prevention of osteoporosis
responsible for proper utilization of Ca and phosphorus
absorption of of calcium and phosphorus necessary for normal calcification of bone and teeth

27
Q

Vit K purpose in the body

A

Vitamin K
* Essential for the synthesis of blood coagulation factor in the liver
* Given prophylactically to newborn infants
* Reverses the effects of certain anticoagulants (warfarin)
* Patient becomes unresponsive to warfarin for approximately 1 week after vitamin K administration

28
Q

Vitamin B3 is called

A

Niacin

29
Q

what is Niacin (vit B3) used for

A

Antihyperlipidemic drug
* Lowers serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels by reducing very-low-density lipoprotein synthesis

30
Q

Vit B3 AE

A

Flushing can occur if a higher dose is used for lipid control

31
Q

Vitamin B12 is called

A

(Cyanocobalamin)

32
Q

what is a manifestation of low B12

A

Deficiency: The most common manifestation of untreated cyanocobalamin deficiency is pernicious anemia. (lack of RBC’s)

33
Q

what will pernicious anemia lead to

A

Leads to: neurological damage megaloblastic anemia interfere with DNA synthesis of RBCs

34
Q

what causes low B12

A

Caused by: malabsorption, poor dietary intake (vegetarians)
The injection for B12 is purplish color

35
Q

Vit C is called

A

Ascorbic Acid

36
Q

Vit C role is

A

Function:
Enhances absorption of iron,
Maintenance of bone, teeth, and capillaries,
Aids in resistance to infections

37
Q

low vit c =

A

Deficiency results in scurvy

38
Q

Calcium

A

Calcium
* Most abundant mineral element in the body
* Highest concentration in bones and teeth
* Efficient absorption requires adequate amounts of vitamin

39
Q

low Ca =

A

Calcium deficiency:
Osteoporosis

40
Q

what is magnesium needed for

A

Required for:
nerve physiology,
muscle contraction
-critical mineral

41
Q

What is Mg used to treat for

A

Preeclampsia and eclampsia,
Tocolytic drug for inhibition of uterine contractions in premature labor*
Cardiac dysrhythmias

42
Q

hypermagnesium is caused by

A

Hypermagnesemia s/sx: Tendon reflex loss, resp distress, CNS depression

43
Q

hypomagnesium is caused by

A

Hypomagnesemia’s main cause is alcoholism

44
Q

Zinc

A
  • Essential in metabolic reactions of proteins and carbohydrates***
  • Important for normal tissue growth, repair, and wound healing***
45
Q

Zinc is found in

A

Red meat, liver, oysters, milk, eggs, beans, nut, grains, cereals, certain seafoods

Pharma (12 decks)

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