Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Syphilis to Sars > Week 6- Disease Spread By Rodents > Flashcards

Week 6- Disease Spread By Rodents Flashcards

1
Q

What are the old world arena viruses?

A

Lassa virus, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, and Lujo virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What vector is responsible for the transmission of New World arenaviruses?

A

Sigmodontine rodents (new world mice and rats)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Name the New World arenaviruses.

A

Junin virus, Guanarito virus, Machupo virus, Sabia virus, Whitewater Arroyo virus, Chapare virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What disease does Junin virus cause?

A

Argentine Hemorrhagic Fever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What disease does Guanarito virus cause?

A

Venezuelan Hemorrhagic Fever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What disease does Machupo virus cause?

A

Bolivian Hemorrhagic Fever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What disease does Sabia virus cause?

A

Brazilian Hemorrhagic Fever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the only New World, pathogenic, arenavirus found in North America?

A

Whitewater Arroyo Virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How are arenaviruses transmitted?

A
  • Inhalation of rodent excreta (urine, feces, saliva)
  • Ingestion
  • direct penetration (contact w/ contaminated materials, abrasions in skin)
  • limited human-human transmission (Machupo virus only)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the symptoms of hemorrhagic fever caused by arenaviruses?

A
  • fever, sore throat, myalgia, headache, anorexia, vomiting, petechial rash, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, hemorrhaging in many organs (especially liver), pneumonia, neurological symptoms
  • up to 35% mortality
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the incubation period for arenaviruses? How long does illness usually last?

A

incubation- 7 to 14 days

illness- 10 to 14 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Who is most affected by Argentine Hemorrhagic Fever?

A

agricultural workers in east/central Argentina, men

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

When is Argentine Hemorrhagic Fever most common?

A
  • highest rate of infection during corn harvest season

- during harvest and plowing rodent excreta gets stirred up into dust

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What factors are associated with the original outbreak of Bolivian Hemorrhagic Fever?

A

deforestation and the introduction of agriculture (corn)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What factors are associated with the emergence of Venezuelan Hemorrhagic Fever?

A
  • deforestation in favor of agriculture and ranching

- forest rodents replaced by grassland rodents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Does Whitewater Arroyo virus infect humans often?

A

no, human infections are rare

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where is Whitewater Arroyo virus found?

A

rodents populations in Colorado, New Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma, Utah, and Southern California (up to 42% of the population in some areas)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the history of arenaviruses?

A

Relatively newly discovered viruses; Argentine HF (1955), Bolivian HF (1959), Whitewater Arroyo Virus (1999), Chapare Virus (2008)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What was the progression of arenaviruses cases in Bolivian HF?

A
  • 100’s of cases in 1960s
  • no cases between 1976 and 1993
  • outbreak in 1994
  • sporadic cases since then
  • 200 cases in 2008
20
Q

How are arenaviruses diagnosed?

A
  • primarily through antibody based tests
  • RT-PCR assays
  • virus isolation
21
Q

How are arenaviruses treated?

A
  • ribavarin
  • antibodies (convalescent plasma, whole blood, or immunoglobin)
  • treatments are not effective against old world viruses
22
Q

How can arenavirus infections be prevented?

A
  • rodent control
  • barrier protection for health care workers
  • live attenuated virus (for Junin virus, cross-protective for Machupo, but not Guanarito)
23
Q

What are hantaviruses?

A

Viruses of rodents (generally don’t cause disease), existed for about 30 million years, likely to be many more species

24
Q

What diseases are caused by hantaviruses?

A

Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome (HFRS) and Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS)

25
Q

What viruses cause HFRS?

A

Korean HF, Hantaan virus (Asia, Europe), Dobrava virus (Balkans), Puumala virus, Seoul virus
(HFRS= Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome)

26
Q

What are the symptoms of HFRS?

A

abrupt onset of fever, severe abdominal or low back pain, nausea, hemorrhage, low BP, vascular leakage, kidney failure, shock
(HFRS= Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome)

27
Q

What viruses cause HPS?

A

-several viruses across Americas
-Sin Nombre (N. America)
-Andes virus (S. America)
(HPS= Hemorrhagic Pulmonary Syndrome)

28
Q

What are the symptoms of HPS?

A

-fever, chills, myalgia, malaise, dizziness, leakage of fluid into alveoli, hypoxia, tachypnea, tachycardia
->50% mortality in initial outbreaks
(HPS= Hemorrhagic Pulmonary Syndrome)

29
Q

What is the history of HFRS?

A

first identified in outbreak during Korean War (1951)

HFRS= Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome

30
Q

What is the history of HPS?

A

-first identified in 1993
-outbreak in 4 Corners region of US
-identification of hantavirus as cause led to development of diagnostis
-many hantaviruses discovered as a result
-<600 cases in the US
-outbreak occured in Yosemite National Park (2012)
(HPS= Hemorrhagic Pulmonary Syndrome)

31
Q

What rodent is responsible for spreading Sin Nombre Virus?

A

Deer mouse (specific rodent transmits each disease)

32
Q

How are rodents infected with hantaviruses?

A

Direct penetration (fighting, grooming) or inhalation (aerosolized excreta); chronic (life-long) infection; often no clinical signs

33
Q

How are humans infected with hantaviruses?

A

Inhalation of aerosolized excreta

34
Q

How is seasonality related to the spread of hantaviruses?

A

Transmission peaks during spring/summer

35
Q

What are the risk factors for hantaviruses?

A
  • Rural areas, higher number of rodents, cleaning rodent excreta
  • In US, no known transmission between people, but is suspected in some cases of Andes virus
36
Q

What is the immune response for hantaviruses?

A
  • cells not directly damaged by infected cells
  • mediators of immune response likely responsible for disease
  • CD8+ T-cells kill infected cells, induce vascular leakage
  • CD4+ T-cells secrete interferon gamma, activates macrophages, release additional cytokines, inflammatory response in lungs
37
Q

What is the treatment for hantaviruses?

A

Supportive care; maintaining fluid balance, management of hypoxia, treatment of shock

38
Q

How is hantavirus infection prevented?

A

no vaccine, education on safely cleaning up rodent excreta, rodent control in homes

39
Q

What factors are associated with the emergence of AHF viruses and hantaviruses?

A

transport of rodents, climate, habitat disturbance, and community diversity

40
Q

How do short term oscillations affect rodent populations?

A
  • mild winters: high over-winter survival, reproduction throughout winter season, high numbers at the beginning of spring reproductive season
  • high amounts of summer rainfall: keeps vegetation green longer, high rodent population throughout summer
41
Q

What are the possible effects of long term climate changes on rodent populations?

A
  • persistence of virus outside host depends on humidity and temperature (could alter dynamics of human infections and alter prevalence of infection in rodents)
  • effect may depend of whether population is limited by competition or predation (may not affect population limited by predation, likely to affect one limited by food availability)
42
Q

How might warm winters affect transmission of AHF and hantaviruses?

A

human behavior could be affected in a way that increases likelihood of infection

43
Q

What could happen to AHF and hantarviruses if existing rodents are replaced by others that are better adapted?

A

Could alter how disease is transmitted- If SW US becomes hotter and drier, deer mouse will be transmitted by kangaroo rats who aren’t known to carry hantavirus

44
Q

How does habitat disturbance affect the emergence of AHF and hantaviruses?

A

deforestation, agriculture, development, etc. lead to specialist rodent species becoming extinct, generalist species taking over (more likely to spread disease)

45
Q

Why are hantaviruses and AHF viruses associated with generalist rodent species?

A

Specialist species have just as many viruses, but humans are less likely to come in contact; generalist species are more likely to be infected (larger ranger, high population density)

46
Q

How does community diversity affect the emergence of AHF and hantaviruses?

A

Dilution effect, greater community diversity means less opportunities for transmission between suitable hosts

Syphilis to Sars (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions