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Human Biosciences A > Week 6 - Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Week 6 - Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Blood

A

liquid connective tissue composed of formed elements—erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets—and a fluid extracellular matrix called plasma; component of the cardiovascular system

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2
Q

Red Blood Cells

A

One of the formed elements of blood that transports oxygen (aka erythrocytes)

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3
Q

White Blood Cells

A

One of the formed elements of blood that provides defense against disease agents and foreign materials (aka leukocytes)

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4
Q

Platelets

A

One of the formed elements of blood that consists of cell fragments broken off from megakaryocytes (aka thrombocytes)

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5
Q

Plasma

A

In blood, the liquid extracellular matrix composed mostly of water that circulates the formed elements and dissolved materials throughout the cardiovascular system

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6
Q

Haematocrit

A

The volume percentage of erythrocytes in a sample of centrifuged blood

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7
Q

Haemopoiesis

A
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8
Q

Erythropoiesis

A
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9
Q

Erythropoietin (EPO)

A

glycoprotein that triggers the bone marrow to produce RBCs; secreted by the kidney in response to low oxygen levels

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10
Q

Antigen

A

A molecule recognised by the receptors of B and T lymphocytes

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11
Q

Antibodies

A

Antigen-specific proteins produced by specialised B lymphocytes that protect the body by binding to foreign objects such as bacteria and viruses

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12
Q

ABO Blood Group

A

blood-type classification based on the presence or absence of A and B glycoproteins on the erythrocyte membrane surface

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13
Q

Heart

A
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14
Q

Atrium

A

upper or receiving chamber of the heart that pumps blood into the lower chambers just prior to their contraction; the right atrium receives blood from the systemic circuit that flows into the right ventricle; the left atrium receives blood from the pulmonary circuit that flows into the left ventricle

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15
Q

Ventricle

A

one of the primary pumping chambers of the heart located in the lower portion of the heart; the left ventricle is the major pumping chamber on the lower left side of the heart that ejects blood into the systemic circuit via the aorta and receives blood from the left atrium; the right ventricle is the major pumping chamber on the lower right side of the heart that ejects blood into the pulmonary circuit via the pulmonary trunk and receives blood from the right atrium

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16
Q

Valves

A

in the cardiovascular system, a specialised structure located within the heart or vessels that ensures one-way flow of blood

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17
Q

Heart Sounds

A

sounds heard via auscultation with a stethoscope of the closing of the atrioventricular valves (“lub”) and semilunar valves (“dub”)

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18
Q

Cardiac Conduction System

A
19
Q

Sinoatrial Node

A

Known as the pacemaker, a specialised clump of myocardial conducting cells located in the superior portion of the right atrium that has the highest inherent rate of depolarisation that then spreads throughout the heart

20
Q

Atrioventricular Node

A

A clump of myocardial cells located in the inferior portion of the right atrium within the atrioventricular septum; receives the impulse from the SA node, pauses, and then transmits it into specialized conducting cells within the interventricular septum

21
Q

Atrioventricular Bundle

A

A group of specialised myocardial conductile cells that transmit the impulse from the AV node through the inter ventricular septum; form the left and right atrioventricular bundle branches

22
Q

Left and Right Bundle Branches

A

specialised myocardial conductile cells that arise from the bifurcation of the atrioventricular bundle and pass through the inter ventricular septum; lead to the Purkinje fibres and also to the right papillary muscle via the moderator band

23
Q

Purkinje fibres

A

specialised myocardial conduction fibres that arise from the bundle branches and spread the impulse to the myocardial contraction fibres of the ventricles

24
Q

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

A

surface recording of the electrical activity of the heart that can be used for diagnosis of irregular heart function; also abbreviated as EKG

25
Q

Cardiac Cycle

A

period of time between the onset of atrial contraction (atrial systole) and ventricular relaxation (ventricular diastole)

26
Q

Atrial Contraction

A
27
Q

Ventricular Contraction

A
28
Q

Atrial Diastole

A
29
Q

Cardiac Output

A

amount of blood pumped by each ventricle during one minute; equals HR multiplied by SV

30
Q

Systemic Circulation

A
31
Q

Pulmonary Circulation

A
32
Q

Arteries

A

blood vessels that conducts blood away from the heart; may be a conducting or distributing vessel

33
Q

Veins

A

A blood vessel that conducts blood toward the heart

34
Q

Capillaries

A

The smallest of blood vessels where physical exchange occurs between the blood and tissue cells surrounded by interstitial fluid

35
Q

Systolic Pressure

A

The larger number recorded when measuring arterial blood pressure; represents the maximum value following ventricular contraction

36
Q

Diastolic Pressure

A

The lower number recorded when measuring arterial blood pressure; represents the minimal value corresponding to the pressure that remains during ventricular relaxation

37
Q

Blood Pressure

A

a force exerted by the blood against the wall of a vessel or heart chamber; can be described with the more generic term hydrostatic pressure

38
Q

Mean Arterial pressure

A

The average driving force of blood to the tissues; approximated by taking diastolic pressure and adding 1/3 of pulse pressure

39
Q

Baroreceptor reflex

A

autonomic reflex in which the cardiac centres monitor signals from the baroreceptor stretch receptors and regulate heart function based on blood flow

40
Q

Baroreceptors

A

mechanoreceptor that senses the stretch of blood vessels to indicate changes in blood pressure

41
Q

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system

A
42
Q

Renin

A

The enzyme produced by juxtaglomerular cells in response to decreased blood pressure or sympathetic nervous activity; catalyses the conversion of angiotensinogen into angiotensin

43
Q

Angiotensin

A
44
Q

Aldosterone

A

hormone produced and secreted by the adrenal cortex that stimulates sodium and fluid retention and increases blood volume and blood pressure

Human Biosciences A (4 decks)

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