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MSN 6305 > Week 6 - Cardiovascular, HTN > Flashcards

Week 6 - Cardiovascular, HTN Flashcards

1
Q

MC cause of death for men and women in western nations

A

Cardiovascular disease

Over 600,000 die from heart disease annually

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2
Q

What does inflammation cause?

A

Increased heart attack risk

Contributes to sequence of actions in coronary arteries such as plaque rupture, thrombus formation and embolization into the blood vessels within the heart

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3
Q

Risk disease of heart disease

A 
Increasing age
Male
Family history
HTN*
Smoking*
Dyslipidemia
Obesity*
Diabetes, per diabetes*
Sedentary lifestyle*
  • Preventable heart disease risk factors
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4
Q

What is sometimes the initial presenting symptom of heart disease?

A

Death

It’s often silent until late stages of disease

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5
Q

What LDL particles are associated with higher levels of cardiovascular disease?

A

Small dense

Note: large “fluffy” LDL particles are not

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6
Q

What is a key in the US dietary guidelines for dietary cholesterol?

A

Eating patterns have a much higher priority, individual dietary consituents have less emphasis.

Pattern: what foods are in the diet? Is this a whole foods diet rich in vegetables and fruits or diet high in added sugars and fats?

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7
Q

Highest proportions of cardio metabolic death were related to what foods:

A 
Too much sodium 🧂 
Too little nuts/seeds 🥜 
High processed meat 🍖 
Low seafood omega-3 fats 🦞 
Low vegetables and fruit 🍎 
Excessive sugar-sweetened beverages 🍹
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8
Q

PUFA or MUFA? Canola oil

A

Both

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9
Q

What PUFAs are good sources of omega-3 FA? (8)

A 
Canola oil
Chia seeds
Mackerel
Salmon
Sardines
Trout
Tuna 
Walnuts
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10
Q

PUFA or MUFA? Chia seeds

A

PUFA

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11
Q

PUFA or MUFA? Corn oil

A

PUFA

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12
Q

PUFA or MUFA? Cottonseed oil

A

Pufa

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13
Q

PUFA or MUFA? Flx seed and flax seed oil

A

PUFA

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14
Q

PUFA or MUFA? herring

A

PUFA

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15
Q

PUFA or MUFA? Mackerel

A

PUFA

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16
Q

PUFA or MUFA? Pine nuts

A

PUFA

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17
Q

PUFA or MUFA? Pumpkin seeds

A

PUFA

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18
Q

PUFA or MUFA? Salmon

A

PUFA

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19
Q

PUFA or MUFA? Sardines

A

PUFA

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20
Q

PUFA or MUFA? Sesame seeds

A

PUFA

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21
Q

PUFA or MUFA? Soybean oil

A

PUFA

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22
Q

PUFA or MUFA? Soybeans

A

PUFA

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23
Q

PUFA or MUFA? Sunflower oil

A

PUFA

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24
Q

PUFA or MUFA? Trout

A

PUFA

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25
Q

PUFA or MUFA? Tuna

A

PUFA

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26
Q

PUFA or MUFA? Walnuts

A

PUFA

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27
Q

PUFA or MUFA? Avocados

A

MUFA

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28
Q

PUFA or MUFA? Almonds

A

MUFA

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29
Q

PUFA or MUFA? cashews

A

MUFA

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30
Q

PUFA or MUFA? Hazelnuts

31
Q

PUFA or MUFA? Olive oil

32
Q

PUFA or MUFA? Peanut butter

33
Q

PUFA or MUFA? Peanut oil

34
Q

PUFA or MUFA? Sunflower oil

35
Q

Food sources for saturated fats

A 
Butter
Cheese
Coconut oil
Cream
Eggs
Ice cream
Lard
Palm or palm kernel oil
Poultry skin
Red meat
Whole milk
36
Q

In one RCT (Khaw et al, 2018), which oil (coconut oil, olive oil, butter) raise LDL-C concentration?

A

Butter

“The effects of different dietary fats on lipid profiles, metabolic markers and health outcomes may vary not just according to the general classification of their main component fatty acids as saturated or unsaturated but possibly according to different profiles of individual fatty acids, processing methods as well as the foods in which they are consumed or dietary patterns.”

37
Q

What fat is found in hydrogenated vegetable oils

A

Trans fats

E.g. crisco
Can be mono or polyunsaturated

38
Q

What are the benefits of eating fish?

A

Reduction in plasma Tg

Increase in HDL

39
Q

T/F Fish oil supplementation has no benefit

A

True - according to a study

40
Q

Conclusion of low carb and all-cause mortality

A

Associated with higher risk of all-cause mortality
Not protective or harmful in cardiovascular mortality

  • they did not detail whether the low-carb diet was plant or animal based

(Noto et al., 2013)

41
Q

T/F Heme iron is considered a cardiometabolic risk factor

42
Q

Ornish in 1990 published an RCT suggesting what parameters would reverse cardiovascular disease

A

Low fat vegetarian diet
Exercise (yoga and walking)
Stress management (meditation, support groups)
Smoking cessation

43
Q

What is TMAO

A

Trimethylamine-N-oxide

Cardiovascular disease biomarker

44
Q

What drug inhibits the enzyme HMA CoA that controls rate at which the body produces cholesterol

45
Q

Negative effects of statins

A

Muscle, joint pain (may be worsened by vit D deficiency)
Higher risk of DMII
Deplete CoQ10
Cataracts
Decreased energy and exertional fatigue, worse in women

46
Q

What is the leading cause of premature preventable death worldwide?

A

Hypertension

47
Q

What is the causes of Hypertension ?

A 
High sodium intake
Low potassium intake
Obesity
Alcohol consumption
Physical inactivity
Unhealthy diet
48
Q

HTN puts you at risk for what 2 leading causes of death in the U.S

A

Heart disease

Stroke

49
Q

Only ___ in 4 adults with HTN have their condition under control

50
Q

Who has the highest reported prevalence of HTN in the world?

A

African-Americans (higher in those who are born in the US compared to those who immigrated to the US)

51
Q

What is low BP?

A

Lower than 90/60 mm Hg

52
Q

Normal BP

A

90/60 - 120/80 mm Hg

53
Q

Pre HTN

A

120/80 - 139/89 mm Hg

Though in 2017 the ACA/AHA called this the low end of HTN

54
Q

HTN

A

140/90 or greater during 2+ office visits

55
Q

Stage 1 HTN

A

140/90 - 159/99 mm Hg

56
Q

Stage 2 HTN

A

Greater than 160/100 mm Hg

57
Q

Hypertensive crisis involves a diastolic pressure greater than

A

120-130 mm Hg

58
Q

What are the components of metabolic syndrome?

A

HTN
Obesity
Insulin resistance
Lipid abnormalities

59
Q

What is “essential” HTN?

A

“Cause unknown” HTN

D/t renal or endocrine disease

60
Q

Risk factors for HTN

A 
Age over 65
Dietary factors
Family Hx
Obesity
Lack of exercise
Kidney disease
Adrenal abnormalities 
Hyperthydroidism
Oral contraceptive use
Smoking
61
Q

What are lifestyle interventions for HTN?

A 
Low-sodium, more plant-centered diets
Maint body weight
Increase physical activity
Stop smoking
Reduce excessive alcohol use
Stress reduction methods
62
Q

A large French study of 80K adults on the DASH diet showed what 3 foods increased hazard ratio of HTN

A

Animal protein
Red and processed meat
Sodium

63
Q

A large French study of 80K adults on the DASH diet showed what 8 foods decreased hazard ratio of HTN

A 
Nuts
Magnesium
Fiber
Potassium
Whole grains
Plant protein
Fruit and vegetables
64
Q

Sodium intake above the physiologic need is related to development of

65
Q

What foods are low sodium? (4)

A 
Beans
Grains
Fruits
Vegetables
(And Meat)
66
Q

FDA packaging, sodium free or no sodium

A

<5 mg of sodium per serving

67
Q

FDA packaging, very low sodium

A

35 milligram or less of sodium

68
Q

FDA packaging, low sodium

A

140 milligrams or less of sodium

69
Q

FDA packaging, reduced sodium

A

At least 25% less sodium than the regular product

70
Q

Does folate contribute to HTN?

A

Yes

Nurses’ Health Study found women consuming the highest amounts of folate from diet and supplements (> 1000 mcg per day) had 1/3 the risk for developing hypertension compared to women consuming less than 200 mcg per day.

71
Q

how does vitamin C effect HTN?

A

Inverse association

Higher Vit C = lower BP
up to 500 mg/day

72
Q

how does potassium effect HTN?

A

Potassium reduces BP and stroke risk

73
Q

how does flax seeds effect HTN?

A

Reduces HTN

74
Q

how does yoga and meditation effect HTN?

A

Yoga practiced 3x/week that did or did not include breathing techniques reduced BP

MSN 6305 (13 decks)

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