Week 4 - Beef, Chicken, Dairy, Eggs, Seafood Flashcards
T/F grass fed/grass finished beef is lower in fat and cholesterol
True
Grass fed beef vs grain finished: Vitamin E content
2.1-7.73 μg VS 0.75-2.92 μg
Grass fed beef vs grain finished: beta carotene
0.45 mcg/g VS 0.06mcg/g
Grass fed beef vs grain fed: CLA
433 mg in 4oz VS 71 mg in 4oz
Red meat increases risk of
Mortality Cancers Heart disease Diabetes Hypertension
Beef contains
Heme iron. And higher iron considered atherogenic and diabetogenic.
(This is part of the theory of health risks for beef)
What is created with cooking meat at higher temperatures for longer?
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and heterocyclic amines (HCA) produced with higher temperatures
- Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a class of chemicals that occur naturally in coal, crude oil, and gasoline. They also are produced when coal, oil, gas, wood, garbage, and tobacco are burned.
- HCAs are the carcinogenic and mutagenic chemicals formed from cooking muscle meats such as beef, pork, fowl, and fish. … Seventeen different HCAs resulting from the cooking of muscle meats have been identified, which may pose human cancer risk.
(This is part of the theory of health risks for beef)
___ and ___ are partially degraded by intestinal bacteria into trmethyl-amine N-oxide (TMAO)
Choline and carnitine
Elevated TMAO is associated with increased risk of CVD
(This is part of the theory of health risks for beef)
Nitrates and nitrites in processed meat get converted into ____ which can cause DNA damage
N-nitroso-compounds (NOCs)
This is part of the theory of health risks for beef
Chickens raised for their meat have access to the outside. There is no requirement for access to pasture, and there may be access to only dirt or gravel
Free-range chicken
Can chickens be called “hormone free” ?
No
Hormones are not allowed in raising hogs or poultry in the US, Therefore, the claim “no hormones added” cannot be used on the labels of pork or poultry unless it is followed by a statement that says “Federal regulations prohibit the use of hormones.”
What is needed for “organic” chicken labeling?
The birds must be raised organically no later than two days after they hatch;
They must be fed certified organic feed for their entire lives. Organic feed cannot contain animal by-products, antibiotics or genetically engineered grains and cannot be grown using persistent pesticides or chemical fertilizers.
It is prohibited to give drugs, antibiotics and hormones to organic birds
All birds must have outdoor access.
Cow’s milk protein break down
80% casein
20% whey
Cow’s milk carbohydrate break down
- Lactose
Glucose
Galactose
Oligosaccharides
T/F Raw cows milk contains vitamin D
True, but not a lot.
Unfortified whole milk contains trace amounts of vitamin D
Grain feeding results in ___x more milk production compared to pasture feeding
3
Pastured cows milk contains
5x more CLA
2:1 or 3:1 omega 6:3 fatty acid (compared to 8:1 with grain fed)
4x higher carotenoid levels
What is the definition of milk pasteurization
Heat to 164˚ for 15 seconds
Milk is refrigeration stable for 3 weeks
What is the definition of milk ultra high temperature (UHT)
Heats to 275˚ for 2 seconds
Allow s milk to be UNrefrigerated stored for 6-9 months
