Week 4 - Beef, Chicken, Dairy, Eggs, Seafood Flashcards
T/F grass fed/grass finished beef is lower in fat and cholesterol
True
Grass fed beef vs grain finished: Vitamin E content
2.1-7.73 μg VS 0.75-2.92 μg
Grass fed beef vs grain finished: beta carotene
0.45 mcg/g VS 0.06mcg/g
Grass fed beef vs grain fed: CLA
433 mg in 4oz VS 71 mg in 4oz
Red meat increases risk of
Mortality Cancers Heart disease Diabetes Hypertension
Beef contains
Heme iron. And higher iron considered atherogenic and diabetogenic.
(This is part of the theory of health risks for beef)
What is created with cooking meat at higher temperatures for longer?
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and heterocyclic amines (HCA) produced with higher temperatures
- Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a class of chemicals that occur naturally in coal, crude oil, and gasoline. They also are produced when coal, oil, gas, wood, garbage, and tobacco are burned.
- HCAs are the carcinogenic and mutagenic chemicals formed from cooking muscle meats such as beef, pork, fowl, and fish. … Seventeen different HCAs resulting from the cooking of muscle meats have been identified, which may pose human cancer risk.
(This is part of the theory of health risks for beef)
___ and ___ are partially degraded by intestinal bacteria into trmethyl-amine N-oxide (TMAO)
Choline and carnitine
Elevated TMAO is associated with increased risk of CVD
(This is part of the theory of health risks for beef)
Nitrates and nitrites in processed meat get converted into ____ which can cause DNA damage
N-nitroso-compounds (NOCs)
This is part of the theory of health risks for beef
Chickens raised for their meat have access to the outside. There is no requirement for access to pasture, and there may be access to only dirt or gravel
Free-range chicken
Can chickens be called “hormone free” ?
No
Hormones are not allowed in raising hogs or poultry in the US, Therefore, the claim “no hormones added” cannot be used on the labels of pork or poultry unless it is followed by a statement that says “Federal regulations prohibit the use of hormones.”
What is needed for “organic” chicken labeling?
The birds must be raised organically no later than two days after they hatch;
They must be fed certified organic feed for their entire lives. Organic feed cannot contain animal by-products, antibiotics or genetically engineered grains and cannot be grown using persistent pesticides or chemical fertilizers.
It is prohibited to give drugs, antibiotics and hormones to organic birds
All birds must have outdoor access.
Cow’s milk protein break down
80% casein
20% whey
Cow’s milk carbohydrate break down
- Lactose
Glucose
Galactose
Oligosaccharides
T/F Raw cows milk contains vitamin D
True, but not a lot.
Unfortified whole milk contains trace amounts of vitamin D
Grain feeding results in ___x more milk production compared to pasture feeding
3
Pastured cows milk contains
5x more CLA
2:1 or 3:1 omega 6:3 fatty acid (compared to 8:1 with grain fed)
4x higher carotenoid levels
What is the definition of milk pasteurization
Heat to 164˚ for 15 seconds
Milk is refrigeration stable for 3 weeks
What is the definition of milk ultra high temperature (UHT)
Heats to 275˚ for 2 seconds
Allow s milk to be UNrefrigerated stored for 6-9 months
How does pasteurization affect calcium and phosphorus?
5% reduction
How does pasteurization affect vitamin B12 and thiamin?
10% reduction
How does pasteurization affect vitamin C?
20% reduction
How does pasteurization affect enzyme activity and beneficial bacteria?
Reduces enzyme
Kills beneficial bacteria
What are the recommended guidelines in 2020 for dairy?
2 C/day children 2-3 yo
2 1/2 C 4-8 yo
3 C/day 9yo and older
In milk, what enhances calcium and zinc absorption in teh small intestine?
Casein phospho peptides
In milk, what blocks angiotensin converting enzyme?
Antihypertensive milk peptides
In milk, what slows gastric emptying and can act as an appetite suppressant
Glycomacropeptide
Pastured chicken eggs vs conventionally raised eggs: omega 3 fatty acid content
150-200mg (VS 30-60 mg)
Pastured chicken eggs vs conventionally raised eggs: vitamin E content
200% greater in pastured chicken eggs
hens are uncaged, but it doesn’t mean they’re free-range or roaming outdoors
Cage free label - not regulated
means the hens were fed fish oil or flaxseed
Omega 3 label - not regulated
Hens are fed an all-vegetarian diet free of any animal by-products.
Vegetarian label - not regulated
Hens have some access to the outdoors. There are not specific guidelines for free- range egg production, and farms are not required to use third-party audits.
Free range label - not regulated
U.S. federal law requires that laying hens are never fed hormones
Hormone free label
Organic eggs must come from chickens that are uncaged and have some access to the outdoors, even if limited. The hens are fed an organic vegetarian diet free of animal by-products, pesticides and genetically modified food
Certified organic label - regulated
What are fin fish
Salmon Tuna Cod Tilapia Haddock Pollock
What are crustaceans
Lobster Crabs Shrimp Crawfish Krill
What are mollusks
Octopus Squid Clams Oysters Scallops Snails
What are echinoderms
Sea urchins
Sea cucumbers
What nutrients are in seafood? (9)
Omega 3 FA Vitamin A Vitamin B12 Vitamin D Taurine Selenium Iodine Zinc Iron
__ oz per week of fish was associated with beneficial infant outcomes for pregnant women
8oz
Greatest benefit of coronary events send in people consuming ___ servings of fish/week
> 4
T/F in a danish study there was an increase in prostate cancer mortality in those consuming higher intakes of fatty fish
True
High intake fish associated with reduced
Dementia of Alzheimers type (DAT)
39% of all mercury contamination in the US comes from
Tuna
Swordfish, pollock, shrimp, cod account for another 25%
Mercury contamination increases risk of (2)
Cardiovascular disease and decreased cognitive development
Environmental Protection Agency decided the allowable upper limit of daily intake for methylmercury was
0.1 ug/kg per day
The negative health impact of mercury from fish may be mitigated in part by ___ content of fish
Selenium
