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Biology 2012 > Week 6: Arthropoda > Flashcards

Week 6: Arthropoda Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the general characteristics of clade Arthropoda?

A
  • Largest and most diverse animal phylum
  • Protostomes with open circulatory systems (hemolymph)
  • complete digestive tract
  • triploblastic
  • true coelomates
  • Exoskeleton
  • Striated muscles (new to this group!)
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2
Q

What are the characteristics that make arthropods so successful?

A
  1. Jointed appendages
  2. An exoskeleton composed of chitin - protects against dehydration and predation (limits size).
  3. Segmentation = specialization
  4. Specialized respiratory systems = greater efficiency. Gills, lungs and efficient tracheal system.
  5. Highly developed sensory organs
  6. Complex behavior patterns (ex. honeybees or ant caste system)
  7. Reduced competition for food among populations because of metamorphosis - Why? larval and adult forms eat different kinds of food because they have different mouthparts.
  8. No intra-species competition between young and adults
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3
Q

What is tagmata?

A

The specialized segments arranged in a row (head, thorax, cephalothorax)

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4
Q

Define tagma:

A

A compound body section of a metameric animal that results from embryonic fusion of two or more segments.

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5
Q

Define hemocoel:

A

Due to a reduced coelom, this is the major body cavity. Derived from the embryonic blastopore.

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6
Q

Define hemolymph:

A

Fluid in the hemocoel that functions as blood and lymph. Usually contains hemoglobin (iron metalloprotein) as oxygen carrying molecule, but sometimes uses hemocyanin (copper metalloprotein)

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7
Q

Exoskeleton

A

Supportive structure secreted by the ectoderm/epidermis

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8
Q

Uniramous

A

unbranched appendages; one segment attached to another segment

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9
Q

Biramous

A

Branched appendages; one segment splits into 2

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10
Q

What are the clades in Anthropoda?

A
  • Chelicerata
  • Crustacea
  • Hexapoda
  • Myriapoda
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11
Q

What are the clades in Chelicerata, and what are its defining characteristics?

A

Clade Merostomata and clade arachnida

  • 1st pair of appendages modified to form chelicera
  • pair of pedipalps and 4 pairs of legs
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12
Q

What clade contains the horseshoe crab? What is interesting about the horseshoe crab?

A

Clade merostomata.
Horseshoe crabs are 400-500 million years old (older than the oldest dinosaur)
-10 eyes of dorsal surface, 8 of which are light sensors, and 2 of which form images (compound eyes)
-they feed on worms and mollusks
-book gills
-used in industry

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13
Q

What are the characteristics that make arthropods so successful?

A
  1. Jointed appendages
  2. An exoskeleton composed of chitin - protects against dehydration and predation (limits size).
  3. Segmentation = specialization
  4. Specialized respiratory systems = greater efficiency. Gills, lungs and efficient tracheal system.
  5. Highly developed sensory organs
  6. Complex behavior patterns (ex. honeybees or ant caste system)
  7. Reduced competition for food among populations because of metamorphosis - Why? larval and adult forms eat different kinds of food because they have different mouthparts.
  8. No intra-species competition between young and adults
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14
Q

What is tagmata?

A

The specialized segments arranged in a row (head, thorax, cephalothorax)

How well did you know this?
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15
Q

Define tagma:

A

A compound body section of a metameric animal that results from embryonic fusion of two or more segments.

How well did you know this?
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16
Q

Define hemocoel:

A

Due to a reduced coelom, this is the major body cavity. Derived from the embryonic blastopore.

17
Q

Define hemolymph:

A

Fluid in the hemocoel that functions as blood and lymph. Usually contains hemoglobin (iron metalloprotein) as oxygen carrying molecule, but sometimes uses hemocyanin (copper metalloprotein)

18
Q

Exoskeleton

A

Supportive structure secreted by the ectoderm/epidermis

19
Q

Uniramous

A

unbranched appendages; one segment attached to another segment

20
Q

Biramous

A

Branched appendages; one segment splits into 2

21
Q

What are the clades in Anthropoda?

A
  • Chelicerata
    - Merostomata
    - Arachnida
  • Crustacea
    - Malacostraca
    - Decapoda
  • Hexapoda
    - Insecta
    - Holometabola
    - Hemimetabola
    - Orthoptera
  • Myriapoda
    - Diplopoda
    - Chilopoda
22
Q

What are the clades in Chelicerata, and what are its defining characteristics?

A

Clade Merostomata and clade arachnida

  • 1st pair of appendages modified to form chelicera
  • pair of pedipalps and 4 pairs of legs
23
Q

What clade contains the horseshoe crab? What is interesting about the horseshoe crab?

A

Clade merostomata.
Horseshoe crabs are 400-500 million years old (older than the oldest dinosaur)
-10 eyes of dorsal surface, 8 of which are light sensors, and 2 of which form images (compound eyes)
-they feed on worms and mollusks
-book gills
-used in industry

24
Q

What are the major features of clade Arachnida?

A

Spiders!

  • Spinnerets, used in spinning silk, catching prey, building bridges, escape, coating eggs, “gift wrapping”
  • Book lungs - specialized thin structure for respiration
  • Tracheal spiracles- Small apertures on side of abdomen for respiration
  • Spiders chelicerae are modified as fangs
25
Q

What are the major features of clade Crustacea?

A
  • Insects of the sea
  • 10 legs for walking
  • 1st pair modified to form pincers

Clade Malacostraca
Clade Decapoda

26
Q

What are the clades and members of Malacostraca?

A

Isopoda (pill bugs)
Decapoda (crabs, lobsters)
Amphipoda (small, shrimp-like crustaceans)

27
Q

What is the taxonomy of the crayfish?

A

Clade Arthropoda
Clade Crustacea
Clade Malacostraca
Clade Decapoda

28
Q

What are the members of clade Myriapoda?

A

Clade Diplopoda
Millipedes
2 pairs of walking legs per segment,
Herbivores (decaying plant matter)
Clade Chilopoda
Centipedes
1 pair of walking legs per segment
Carnivores (earthworms cockroaches)

29
Q

What are the unifying characteristics of clade Insecta?

A

Largest clade by far

  1. Three pairs of walking legs= 6 feet!
  2. One pair of antennae
  3. Tagmata: head, thorax (cephalothorax), and abdomen
  4. Respiratory system composed of tracheal tubes
  5. Most, but not all, have 1 or 2 pairs of wings
  6. Metamorphosis
30
Q

Clades and their member of clade Hexapoda?

A

Clade Insecta
Clade Pterygota (with wings)
Clade Hemimetabola
Clade Orthoptera: grasshoppers, crickets
Clade Odonata: dragonflies, damselflies
Clade Holometabola
Clade Coleoptera: beetles, ladybugs
Clade Diptera: mosquitoes, houseflies
Clade Lepidoptera: butterflies, moths
Clade Hymenoptera: ants, bees, wasps

31
Q

Why are insects so successful on land?

A

-Stronger support system and appendages
(overcome gravity)
-Waxy cuticles and exoskeletons
(withstand dry air, yet allow gas exchange while conserving water)
-Specialized respiratory, excretory and digestive structures
-Wings (explore new habitat)
-Various forms of communication and social behavior
-Specialized sensory systems

32
Q

What are the Malpighian tubules?

A

In clade Insecta, collect wastes and release them to digestive system and it reabsorbs almost all water from excretory wastes

33
Q

Describe the tracheal system of clade Insecta

A

tracheae along body open to exterior by spiracles, which open to allow air passage, close to prevent water loss

34
Q

What characteristics sets clade Hemimetabola apart from clade Holometabola?

A

Hemimetabolous insects undergo incomplete metamorphosis. The nymph resembles the adult form. Holometabolous insects undergo complete metamorphosis, and adults do not resemble larva.

35
Q

Clade Orthoptera?

A
  • Includes grasshoppers, crickets and locusts
  • Organisms have a straight, thickened forewing with membranous hind wing
  • Malpighain Tubules are for getting rid of waste and osmoregulation.

Biology 2012 (10 decks)

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