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Radiography > week 6 - 8 review (exam) > Flashcards

week 6 - 8 review (exam) Flashcards

1
Q

Xray tube charges

A

Anode - target side of x-ray tube (+)
cathode - filament side of X-ray tube (-)

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2
Q

electricity

A

energy used to make x-rays

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3
Q

Electrical current

A

flow of electrons through a conductor

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4
Q

Amperage and miliaperes (general)

A

Measurement of the number of electrons moving through a conductor
mili - increase of decrease # of electrons passing through cathode

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5
Q

Voltage and kilovolts (general)

A

measurements of electrical force that causes electrons to move from negative pole to a positive pole
Kili - control the current passing from cathode to anode

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6
Q

Types of transformers (3 types)

A
  1. Step-down transformer (ON button) - 3-5 voltage to heat up tungsten and forms electron could
  2. step-up transformer (connected to exposure button) - 55 k - 100k high voltage and difference between low and high volts free the electrons from the filament
  3. autotransformers - corrects for minor fluctuations in current
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7
Q

Filtration

A
  1. Aluminum filtration - removes long wavelength photons
  2. total filtration (glass tube, insulating oil, barrier)
  3. lead collimator - allows the shape and size of beam to be controlled (rectangular 50% less than circular)
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8
Q

Absorption radiation (explained)

A

radiation energy is absorbed by photons colliding with electrons of the atoms of an absorbing material
- higher the atomic weight, better energy absorption (lead)

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9
Q

3 ways x-ray photons can be absorbed

A
  1. pass through patient and expose film
  2. absorbed by patient - never reaches film
  3. x-ray photon may be scattered onto the fly or ways from film (film fogging)
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10
Q

photoelectric absorption

A

total absorption of X-ray photon energy (ejected electron is called photoelectron)

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11
Q

Compton absorption

A

Partial absorption of x-ray photon energy (scattered, longer wave length, ejected orbital electron (Compton electron)

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12
Q

Thompson/coherent scattering

A

photon of scattered radiation, no loss of energy just different direction

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13
Q

Quality vs quantity

A

quality - penetrating ability
quantity - amount

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14
Q

Controls that directly influences with quant and qual

A

exposure time, mA, kVp, PID

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15
Q

things that will indirectly influence the settings choose on X-ray unit

A

film speed/imaging sensor plate, film processing, patient size

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16
Q

Amperage (in detail)

A

Unit of quality of electric current, increase amps results in increase in # of electrons produced in cathode

17
Q

Miliapere (in detail) mA

A

1/1000 ampere, only small current used in dental, total # of x-rays produced depends on mA exposure time
(directly influences # of electrons striking target - # produced)

18
Q

Voltage (in detail)

A

electrical pressure, amount will determine the speed of electrons which gives energy (penetrating power)

19
Q

kilovolt

A

1 kVp = 1000 volts

20
Q

mA rule of thumb (thermionic emission)

A

directly influences # of electrons striking target, hence # of photons produced
increased mA: 10 to 25 = 30% more radiation
Decrease mA: 15 to 10 = 30% less radiation

21
Q

Time influence

A

(length of time unit produced X-rays - direct prop)
longer time = more x-rays, less time = fewer x-rays
Double time = 2x rad
half time = 50% less rad

22
Q

kVp

A

only component that will influence penetrating ability of the beam of radiation Directly influences the speed electrons impact target, thus the efficiency of the x-ray proton
- 15 kVp increase - increase intensity by 2x
- 15 kVp decrease - decrease intensity by 50%

23
Q

Inverse square law (PID)

A

the intensity of the radiation is inversely proportional to the square of the distance
- 8 in to 16 in reduced intensity to 1/4 value at 8
- 16 in to 8 in increased intensity to 4x value at 16 in

24
Q

Electron binding energy

A
  • Electrons in orbital (negative charge) are attracted to protons (positive charge) in nucleolus
    • Further away from nucleolus, less binding energy, easier to remove from orbital
    • Near nucleolus, greater binding energy, harder to remove form orbital
25
Q

Radiation atom

A

large, lots of electrons, easy to steal from outer shell
○ Tungsten, lots of electrons - requires less energy to remove them

26
Q

Ionization

A
  • Radiation can change an atom (removal of electrons)
    • Electrically neutral - same number of electrons as we do protons
      If electrons are pulled away ends up an ion
27
Q

Radiation

A

the emission and propagation of energy through a space of substance in the form of waves or particles

28
Q

Radioactivity

A

the process by which certain unstable atoms or elements undergo spontaneous disintegration, or decay, in effort to attain a more balanced nuclear state (energy is given off as the nuclei disintegrates)

29
Q

what is particulate radiation

A

posses mass and travel in straight lines at high speeds

30
Q

what is electromagnetic radiation

A

is the propagation of wavelike energy without mass through space or matter

31
Q

Particulate radiation (alpha and beta)

A
  • alpha: positive helium atoms as a result of radioactive decay from radioactive element (two protons and two neutrons)
    ○ Lower penetrating power (a sheet of paper - deadly if ingested or inhaled)
  • Beta: similar to electrons, penetrate about 1.5 cm into skin
32
Q

Common characteristics of all energies on spectrum (electro)

A
  • Have no mass or weight, no electrical charge, travel at the speed of light, travel as a wave
  • Different measurable energies (frequencies and wave lengths)
  • Ionizing - high-energy radiations (cosmic rays, gamma rays, and X-rays) capable of ionization
33
Q

Photons

A
  • Bundles of energy that move in wave pattern at the speed of light
  • Waves are characterized by wavelength and frequency that correlates with the energy the photon has
34
Q

wave concept

A
  • Wavelength is the distance between the crest (peak) of one wave and the crest of the next
    • Shorter, higher frequency waves have stronger penetration power
35
Q

X-radiation, X-rays, X-ray photons (dental radiation)

A
  • X-radiation: High-energy, ionizing electromagnetic radiation
  • X-rays: weightless bundles of energy without an electrical charge that travel in waves with a specific frequency at the speed of light
  • X-ray photons: interact with the materials they penetrate and cause ionization
36
Q

Characteristic production of radiation

A
  • E- displaces an electron, another electron is attached to the empty spot, radiation is produces
  • Minor source of dental radiation
  • Energy of radiation is equal to the energy difference between one electron jumping into the empty space
37
Q

Bremsstrahlung production of radiation

A
  • Breaking action of a near miss: (most dental radiation), some radiation is created with a direct hit to the nucleus
  • Many different energy levels
  • Mostly used in X-rays

Radiography (3 decks)

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