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Psychological Assessment > Week 6/7 - Personality Assessment > Flashcards

Week 6/7 - Personality Assessment Flashcards

1
Q

What were the five basic paradigms in personality assessment that Wiggins proposed?

A 
Psychoanalytic
Interpersonal
Personological
Multivariate (trait) 
Empirical approach
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2
Q

What other 2 approaches to personality are there that Wiggins did not propose?

A

Social-cognitive

Positive psychology

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3
Q

What type of technique is the Rorschach?

A

Projective

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4
Q

The concept of personality is the observers way of attempting to ______________

A

Capture what is happening when two people interact

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5
Q

What did the pioneering work of Timothy Leary lead to?

A

The interpersonal circumplex, a way of describing interpersonal behaviour in terms of a circle of relationships

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6
Q

What dimensions of the interpersonal circumplex have received reasonable consensus?

A

Dominance-submission (seeking control) and warm-cold (seeking belongingness)

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7
Q

What technique did Murray and Morgan develop?

A

The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) - By using a set of ambiguous pictures that were depictions of people and places and allowed for more than one interpretation

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8
Q

What did Murray look for when examining the life history?

A

Proceedings - significant events

Themes - ideas that recur in the life of the person and help to give it some structure or coherence

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9
Q

What did Wiggins propose?

A

That there were five basic paradigms in personality assessment

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10
Q

What were the four temperament types described in earlier times?

A

Melancholic
Phlegmatic
Choleric
Sanguine

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11
Q

Who was the first to formulate a trait theory of personality?

A

Allport, although he saw certain traits as unique to individuals rather than being common to all

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12
Q

What three major dimensions of personality did Eysenck label using factor analysis?

A

Neuroticism
Psychoticism
Extraversion

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13
Q

What are the Big Five personality factors argued by Costa and McCrae?

A 
Neuroticism
Extraversion
Openness
Agreeableness
Conscientiousness
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14
Q

How is assessment of personality using the trait approach most commonly done?

A

Using the personality questionnaire

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15
Q

What is the main difference between the empirical approach and the trait approach?

A

The trait approach is concerned principally with the dimensions that make for human individuality; whereas the empirical approach is concerned with personality description in the service of predicting socially relevant criteria (I.e mental illness, criminality)

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16
Q

Humanistic psychology

A

was the forerunner of the positive psychology movement

sought to define what made people truly human and focused heavily on the self as a major construct

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17
Q

The Rasch model models

A

the difference between the person’s standing on a trait and item difficulty

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18
Q

Self-efficacy involves

A

beliefs about performance

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19
Q

A 2PL model estimates

A

item difficulty and item discrimination

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20
Q

The idea of an assessment centre

A

was first implemented at the American Telephone and Telegraph Company after the Second World War

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21
Q

Self-efficacy is important in determining what 3 things?

A

the effort in sustaining behaviour
the decision about what to terminate a behaviour
the choice of actions to perform

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22
Q

The Likert scale

A

asks the respondent to rate their strength of endorsement on a seven-point scale

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23
Q

basic reference dimensions of socially important behaviour include

A

dominance-submission

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24
Q

Typologies differ from dimensional descriptions in

A

relying on a set of categories that exhaust all differences among individuals

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25
Q

IRT models are now used in constructing ability tests because they

A

can provide interval level measurement
facilitate tailored testing
provide tests of differential validity

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26
Q

Who created the most widely used system for scoring the Rorschach Inkblot test?

A

Exner

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27
Q

The projective hypothesis holds that

A

an individual supplies structure to unstructured stimuli

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28
Q

The scenes in the cards from the Thermatic Apperception Test are designed to present the testtaker with

A

classical human situations

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29
Q

When scoring the Rorschach inkblot test, Popularity refers to

A

the frequency with which a certain response has been found to correspond with a particular inkblot or section of an inkblot

30
Q

Assessing PD using structured interviews is problematic because

A

pathology can be concealed
it is tedious
it is time-consuming

31
Q

Objective personality tests can be

A

answered quickly, scored by a computer and scored by hand

32
Q

Exner’s system for scoring the Rorschach enabled which type of reliability to be calculated

A

inter-scorer

33
Q

When scoring the Rorschach inkblot test, Content refers to

A

The content category of the response (such as human figures, animal figures, clouds)

34
Q

Dissimulation by individuals with a personality disorder can be both conscious and unconscious. True or False?

A

True

35
Q

The empirical approach to personality description is

A

solely interested in the prediction of socially significant outcomes

36
Q

It is advisable to draw up a plan for the specification of items for a psychological test because

A

item writers need to know what they do
otherwise important aspects of the construct being measured may be overlooked
creativity alone usually generates bad items

37
Q

Assessment of personality

A

requires knowing only as much as is necessary to accomplish the purpose of assessment

38
Q

a test manual

A

is required to explain how a test is administered and scored
provides technical information about the test including test norms
outlines the theoretical or conceptual background to the test

39
Q

Which of the following concepts would you not expect to be on the agenda of research in positive psychology?

A

anxiety

Concepts considered are flow, optimism, forgiveness etc.

40
Q

Action in social situations can sometimes be understood as

A

the importance of the self-dynamism
attempts to reduce anxiety associated with low self-esteem
attempts to increase security of relationships

41
Q

Integration of different personality theories

A

can lead to incoherence in explantion

42
Q

The idea of mechanisms of defence

A

was elaborated by Freud’s daughter based on his original thinking

43
Q

To diagnose a personality disorder you need to establish that

A

it is present over time
it is currently present
it is pervasive
the client DOES NOT need to be aware of it

44
Q

Assessing personality disorders is a difficult task because of persistent problems related to the ______ validity of existing instruments

A

concurrent

45
Q

Projective tests are usually used to measure

A

personality

46
Q

What are the common characteristics of objective methods of personality assessment?

A

one response for each item is chosen from two or more options
there are a set of procedures for scoring
short-answer items
NOT clinical judgement for scoring

47
Q

What tests were based on the empirical approach?

A

MMPI
California Psychological Inventory (CPI)
Strong Vocational Interest Blank (SVIB)

48
Q

What is meant by the term ‘person variables’ coined by Mischel

A

to characterise the consistencies in behaviour and thought that make for differences among individuals

49
Q

What are the person variables as identified by Mischel & Shoda (1995)

A 
competencies
encodings
expectancies and beliefs
affects, goals and values
self-regulatory plans
50
Q

What are encoding strategies?

A

ways of perceiving the world or processing information about it

51
Q

How are values often thought of?

A

in terms of the amount of reward or reinforcement potential actions produce

52
Q

What do self-regulating systems and plans refer to?

A

The ways people learn to control their behaviour, and the strategies they employ and the goals they set in guiding their behaviour

53
Q

Who was a founder of humanistic psychology?

A

Abraham Maslow - he began work in experimental psychology but moved to the study of personality and abnormal psychology

54
Q

What did Maslow propose in terms of human motivations?

A

a pyramid of human motivations - at the base of the pyramid are physiological needs, above those are security, higher still are the needs for self-esteem and at the highest point the need to actualise self

55
Q

Martin Seligman coined what term?

A

‘positive psychology’ to characterise the study of what was right with people rather than what was wrong

56
Q

What were the possible levels of knowing another person according to McAdams?

A 
Knowing at the level of the stranger (i.e. questionnaires)
Intermediate knowing (i.e. self-report; ratings)
Intimate knowing (i.e. clinical interview)
57
Q

What are the methods for personality test construction?

A

content (logical/rational) method
theory approach
factor analysis
criterion referencing

58
Q

What is a response-set?

A

a person’s tendency, either conscious or unconscious, to respond to items in a certain way, independent of the person’s true feeling about the item

59
Q

What is personality?

A

‘a unique, relatively consistent pattern of thoughts, feelings and behaviours’ - personality is not fixed but relatively consistent

60
Q

What do trait theorists view personality as?

A

a set of attributes that are identified in an effort to locate threads of consistency in behavioural patterns

61
Q

What is the lexical hypothesis?

A

basically, if there is a word for a trait, it must be a real trait

62
Q

What does Hare’s Psychopathy Check-List explore?

A

important dimensions of psychopathic functioning that are relatively unrelated to the manifestations of criminal behaviour emphasised by the DSM criteria for antisocial PD

63
Q

What does Wagner’s Hand Test help to predict?

A

self-aggressive or hetero-aggressive acting-out among potentially dangerous patients

64
Q

What does the projective hypothesis hold?

A

that an individual supplies structure to unstructured stimuli in a manner consistent with the individual’s own unique pattern of conscious and unconscious needs, fears, desires, impulses, conflicts and ways of perceiving and responding

65
Q

Define projective method

A

a technique of personality assessment in which some judgment of the assessee’s personality is made on the basis of performance on a task that involves supplying some sort of structure to relatively unstructured or incomplete stimuli

66
Q

What categories are used to score Rorschach protocols?

A

determinants
content
popularity
form

67
Q

What is the spectrum hypothesis?

A

psychopathology represents maladaptively extreme versions of normal personality traits

68
Q

What is the PAI?

A

Personality assessment inventory

69
Q

What are the scales of the PAI?

A

Validity scales
treatment scales
interpersonal scales

70
Q

What are the 3 ‘spectrums’ assessed by the PAI?

A

neurotic spectrum
psychotic spectrum
behaviour disorder or impulse control

Psychological Assessment (10 decks)

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