Week 4/5 - Cognitive Assessment Flashcards
Who proposed that intelligence comprised about seven ‘primary mental abilities’
Louis Thurstone
David Wechsler’s formula for computing IQ scores was
IQ = test score standing in distribution of same-aged peers
Binet and Simon revised their scale in 1908 and included this important innovation
They introduced the concept of mental level
The most recent (2008) version of Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale generates scores for
Global IQ + four indices (verbal comprehension, working memory, perceptual reasoning and processing speed)
According to your text book, _________ was the first to propose a hierarchical model of intelligence
Phillip Vernon
Which of the following do not form a part of Robert Sternberg’s ‘triarchic theory of intelligence’
Social intelligence
Which is not considered a ‘psychometric’ theory of intelligence?
Gardner’s multiple intelligences model
Early phrenologists assessed intelligence by
‘Reading’ the contours of the skull
Raymond Cattell’s two-factor theory of intelligence comprised
Fluid intelligence plus crystallised intelligence
The ‘cross’ in cross-battery assessment meant to
Use more than one intelligence battery
The following definition is of which CHC broad ability (stratum II)
The use of deliberate and controlled mental operations to solve novel problems that cannot be performed automatically
Fluid reasoning (Gf)
In his book Human Cognitive Abilities: A survey of factor-analytic studies, Carroll reported the results of his systematic analysis of over ________ carefully selected human cognitive abilities datasets
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Newer editions of intelligence test batteries tend to measure
More CHC abilities then before
Which type of psychologists have long adopted the practice of using more than one standardised test to measure a broader range of brain functions than that offered by a single assessment?
Neuropsychologists
The following definition is of which CHC broad ability (stratum II)
The ability to analyse, manipulate, comprehend and synthesis sound elements, groups of sounds, or sound patterns
Auditory processing (Ga)
Which of course e WISC-IV indexes is considered to have construct-irrelevant variance?
Perceptual reasoning index (PRI)
Carroll’s work built on the research of numerous previous “giants” in the field of intelligence. Who were these?
- Thurstone
- Cattell’s
- Spearman
The following definition is of which CHC broad ability (stratum II)
The ability to automatically and fluently perform relatively easy or over-learned cognitive tasks, especially when attention and concentration is required
Processing speed (Gs)
The CHC model rests on the shoulders of numerous _________ Giants
Psychometric
The early Wechsler tests comprised
Roughly equal proportions of verbal and performance tests
What are implicit theories of intelligence?
They reflect personal definitions and assumptions about how intelligence is structured, it’s component parts, and the processes underlying intelligence, and how it develops and changes
What are explicit theories of intelligence?
These theories are constructed by psychologists and other social scientists, and are based in empirical research that tests hypotheses about the nature of intelligence
What is global intelligence?
The overall or summary ability of an individual, which might be represented as the Full IQ in modern intelligence tests; in hierarchical models of intelligence, global intelligence (g) sits at the top
Who proposed psychometric g?
Spearman - he suggested that intelligence could be represented by a general, underlying mental ability factor - g
What is the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale?
A revision of Binet’s test that used the intelligence quotient concept which was based on the ratio between mental age and chronological age
What was the Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale used to initially assess?
Adult psychiatric patients
What are deviation IQ scores based on?
The assumption that intelligence is normally distributed in a population
What were the early Binet scales criticised for?
Their over-reliance on items that assessed language and verbal skills
What four indices replaced the verbal and performance indices of the WAIS-IV and the WISC-IV?
Verbal comprehension
Working memory
Perceptual reasoning
Processing speed
What theory of intelligence did Thurstone propose?
Multi factor
What are Thurstones primary mental abilities?
Verbal comprehension Reasoning Perceptual speed Numerical ability Word fluency Associative memory Spatial visualisation
What theory of intelligence did Guilford propose?
The structure-of-intellect (SOI) model
What 3 dimensions of intelligence did Guilford propose in his SOI model of intelligence?
Operations - the type of mental processing required to complete a task
Content - the type of stimuli to be manipulated
Product - the type of information that is manipulated and stored
What model of intelligence did Vernon propose?
The hierarchical model of intelligence
What theory of intelligence was proposed by Cattell?
The two-factor (Gf-Gc) theory of intelligence
What are the two factors of intelligence in Cattell’s theory?
Fluid intelligence - the nonverbal, relatively culture-free, basic mental capacity of the individual
Crystallised intelligence - dependent on learning. The culture-specific fund of knowledge, skills and information that is accumulated through life’s experiences and education
What do culture-fair tests of intelligence typically incorporate?
Few verbal instructions and tap intelligence using images and visuo-spatial puzzles
What is the CHC theory of intelligence?
The Cattell-Horn-Carrol model; a merging of the Cattell and Horn Gf-Gc theory and Carrolls three stratum theory, which proposes three levels or strata of abilities: narrow, broad and general
What are the broad (stratum II) abilities in the CHC model?
Quantitative knowledge Reading and writing Comp- knowledge Fluid reasoning Short term memory Long term storage and retrieval Visual processing Auditory processing Processing speed Domain specific knowledge Reaction and decision speed Psychomotor speed Olfactory abilities Tactile abilities Kinaesthetic abilities Psychomotor abilities
What CHC broad abilities are assessed by the WAIS-IV?
Crystallised knowledge - verbal comprehension
Visual processing and fluid intelligence - Perceptual reasoning
Short term memory - working memory
Cognitive speed - processing speed
What do psychometric theories seek to explain?
The structure of intelligence by understanding the relationships among individual tests
What is Piaget’s view of intelligence synonymous with?
Adaptation to the environment
What four stages did Piaget define?
Sensorimotor; birth-2
Pre operational; 2-6
Concrete operational; 7-12
Formal operations; 12+
What does the planning, attention-arousal, simultaneous and successive (PASS) cognitive processing theory propose?
That there are four main cognitive processing units which have biological counterparts in cortical structures
What are the four PASS cognitive processing units?
Planning - executive functioning
Attention-arousal - maintaining sustained attention and focus
Simultaneous processing - integrating different stimuli into a coherent whole
Successive processing - dealing with information that is sequential
What theory was proposed by Gardner?
Multiple intelligences - intelligence comprises multiple, discrete modalities that are not aggregated to ‘g’
What five other intelligences were proposed by Gardner?
Bodily-kinaesthetic Inter-personal Intra-personal Musical Naturalistic
What theory of intelligence was proposed by Sternberg?
Triarchic theory of intelligence - where intelligence is reflected in 3 main cognitive processes; componential processes, experiential processes and contextual processes
What are componential processes?
Analytical processes, higher-order, executive functions, learning processes and abilities needed to perform tasks
What are experiential processes?
Processes associated with creative intelligence, new ideas and innovation
What are contextual processes?
Practical intelligence - abilities associated with adapting, shaping and selecting ones environment
An information-processing view of intelligence
is conceptualised in terms of how material is processed by the brain
What are the qualities of an implicit theory of intelligence
they are affected by culture, they are known as lay theories and they are affected by experience
What were a part of Robert Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence?
social, practical and analytical intelligence
Gardner’s multiple intelligence’s are best represented by
presenting all individual intelligence’s as a profile
The application of fluid intelligence enhances one’s _____ intelligence
crystallised
Where has the adoption of CHC theory occurred more?
In professional fields compared to theoretical fields
Psychologists should follow the guiding principles of the cross-battery assessment approach because
it ensures assessment procedures are theoretically and psychometrically sound
Which of the WISC-IV indexes is considered to have construct-irrelevant variance?
Perceptual Reasoning Index (PRI)
CHC theory and cross-battery assessment has been most influential in understanding what?
why some people find reading, writing and mathematics difficult
There are ____ guiding principles to the cross-battery assessment method
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The ability to automatically and fluently perform relatively easy or over-learned cognitive tasks, especially when attention and concentration is require. What CHC broad ability is this?
Processing speed (Gs)
A person’s breadth and depth of acquired knowledge of the language, information and concepts of a specific culture, and/or the application of this knowledge. What CHC broad ability is this?
Comprehension-knowledge (Gc)
What was the first successful intelligence test?
Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale
What is construct-irrelevant variance?
it is present when an assessment is too broad, containing excess reliable variance associated with other distinct constructs … that affects responses in a manner irrelevant to the interpreted constructs
What is construct underrepresentation?
it is present when an assessment is too narrow and fails to include important dimensions or facets of the construct
What is crystallised intelligence/comprehension-knowledge? (Gc)
the knowledge of the culture that is incorporated by individuals through a process of acculturation - breadth of acquired knowledge of the language, information and concepts of a specific culture and/or application of the knowledge
What is short-term memory (Gsm)?
the ability to apprehend and maintain awareness of a limited number of elements of information in the immediate situation
What is visual processing (Gv)?
The ability to generate, store, retrieve, and transform visual images and sensations
What is auditory processing (Ga)?
abilities that depend on sound as input and on the functioning of our hearing apparatus
What is long-term storage and retrieval (Glr)?
The ability to store and consolidate new information in long-term memory and later fluently retrieve the stored information through association
What is processing speed (Gs)?
the ability to automatically and fluently perform relatively easy or over-learned elementary cognitive tasks, especially when high mental efficiency is required
What are the steps in the cross battery approach?
- select a battery that best addresses referral concern
- use clusters based on actual norms when possible
- select tests classified through an acceptable method
- when broad ability is underrepresented, obtain from another battery
- use batteries that have been developed and normed within a few years
- use as few intelligence batteries as possible
- establish ecological validity for deficits
What are the benefits of XBA?
time efficient method
allows a wider range of cogntiive abilites to be assessed
consistent approach in line with contemporary research
allows more targeted assessment according to referral concern
interpretation guidance based on validity/reliability
What are the criticisms of XBA?
not always practical
tests are expensive
only some subtests are administered
tests may have been normed at different times
different subtests with same names measure different tasks
there are no norms for the cross-battery mean
it relies mainly on subtest analysis
