Week 6 Flashcards
Discuss the study about how Newborns are aware of boundaries "panorama typique" "mathématicien". What were the results? (Christophe et al., 1994)
- habituation paradigm
- pairs of syllables were identical except that one pair came from within a word and one came from between two words
- noticed a difference between the two
- sensitivity to that difference means that there’s something that serves as finding a boundary
- some information in the acoustic signal (‘ma’ in panorama is longer)
Discuss the study about how Older babies recognize single words
babies 0;6 and 0;7.5.
Can kids recognize a single word when it is embedded in a sentence?
(Jusczyk & Aslin, 1995)
- measured listening times in a head turn preference experiment
- 2 speakers
- sound form one side, they turn to it and when they turn away, it stops
- how long do they look in a certain direction
- they are familiarized with words: feet, bike, cup, dog (2 minutes)
- split half design (half of the babies get familiarized with cup & dog and other half with feet & bike)
- all being tested on same sentences but 2 words are familiar and 2 are not
- 6 months: no difference
- 7.5 months: listened longer to the sentences with the words that they had been familiarized with
How did the infants recognize single words embedded in sentences? (sensitive to 3 things)
-sensitive to phonotactic info, statistical info and prosodic info
What is the phonotactic information?
-what position phonemes can appear in
What is the prosodic information?
-frequently stressed syllables in certain positions
strong-weak is more frequent
Pliant is an example of strong-weak prosody or weak-strong prosody?
strong-weak
Assign is an example of strong-weak prosody or weak-strong prosody?
weak-strong
Befall is an example of strong-weak prosody or weak-strong prosody?
weak-strong
Final is an example of strong-weak prosody or weak-strong prosody?
strong-weak
Why does word learning coincide with
perceptual reorganization?
-because babies use the words they know to learn
the phonemes of their language
-because babies use the phonemes they know to learn the words of their language
Discuss the study about how babies are sensitive to phonotactics.
(Jusczyk, Luce & Charles-Luce, 1994)
-nonsense words but possible words of english
-left column are phonotactically more likely to occur in English than right column
-vowels are matched (nucleus is matched)
- someone records them and puts them in a list for a head-turn preference procedure (6 and 9month olds)
- 6 month olds- no difference
- 9 month olds listen longer to the list of the high probability phonotactics
- so by 9 months, they have some sensitivity to this is a likely word in my language or not
- if thats the case then presumably they can use that info to figure out where a word boundary is
Discuss the study about how babies are sensitive to prosody.
(Jusczyk, Cutler & Redanz, 1993)
-same stressed syllables but in different positions
-one list has the infrequent pattern (1: weak-strong) and one has the frequent pattern (2: strong-weak)
- 6 month olds- no difference
- 9 month olds listened more to the second column because they’ve heard it more often
Discuss the study about how babies are sensitive to statistical info and its results. (Saffran, Aslin & Newport, 1996)
-made up an artificial language with 12 syllables
-synthesized monotone (no duration, no pitch cues etc)
-2,4, 8 month olds
Training: pabiku
tibudo
golatu
daropi
Test: pabiku
tibudo
tudaro
pigola
- 2 minutes of continuous speech with these syllables in random order
- how often are you likely to hear y given that you had just heard x
- everytime you hear ‘ti’, its followed by ‘bu’
- freq(tibu)/frequ(ti) = 100%
- heard golatu, a third of the time you’ll hear one of the other three next
- transitional probability of 1/3
- half the babies got tested on pabiku and tibudo, transitional probability of these is 1
- half the babies got tested on tudaro and pigola
- all of the babies have heard the syllables at equal frequencies
- half the babies had heard pabiku, tibudo (in that order the whole time) before the test (the green test)
- half the babies heard the red pair one third of the time?
-babies who heard the less familiar combination listened for longer
Discuss the study about how babies are statistical learners for visual patterns and its results.
(Fiser & Aslin, 2002)
-9 month olds
-one scene: 3 shapes
-yellow circle is always above blue hour glass but the crescent appeared in one of four positions
- at test, they present pairs (either base pairs: yellow circle and blue hour glass or non-base pairs : blue hour glass and red crescent)
- base pairs always appear together and non-base pairs don’t always appear together
- because it is a familiarity preference, they looked longer at the familiar ones (base pairs) but if it was a novelty preference than they would look longer at the unfamiliar ones (non-base pairs)
- counting how often things appear together is a domain-general skill
Discuss the study about how infants can learn abstract rules and its results.
(Marcus et al., 1999)
-made up an artificial language that manipulated the patterns of the syllables (ABB pattern)
-other half of kids were familiarized with AAB pattern
- 2 minutes of training
- 7 month olds
- novelty preference
- at test, they played the kids new syllables that they had not been trained on
- half the kids heard novel syllables on the same pattern they had been trained on and half heard syllables on a different pattern that they had been trained on
- looked longer to the syllables played in the opposite pattern that they had been trained on
- some level of representation in their minds that recognize that these syllables are the same kinds of things as the other syllables that they had heard in training
