Week 6 Flashcards
What is diabetes mellitus?
chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia due to insulin deficiency or resistance.
What causes hyperglycemia in diabetes?
Decreased glucose uptake by cells, increased hepatic glucose production, and impaired insulin function
What is the primary cause of Type 1 diabetes?
Autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells.
role of insulin?
To facilitate glucose uptake into cells and lower blood sugar levels
Name the counter-regulatory hormones that increase blood glucose.
Glucagon, cortisol, adrenaline, and growth hormone.
What is the function of glucagon?
It raises blood glucose by stimulating glycogen breakdown and gluconeogenesis in the liver.
What is the role of cortisol in glucose metabolism?
It increases blood glucose by promoting gluconeogenesis and reducing glucose uptake by tissues
What is insulin resistance?
A condition where body cells do not respond effectively to insulin, leading to high blood glucose levels.
What are incretin hormones, and how do they help in diabetes?
GLP-1 and GIP enhance insulin secretion and reduce glucagon release in response to food intake
What is HbA1c, and what does it indicate?
A measure of glycated hemoglobin, indicating average blood glucose levels over 2-3 months.
What is the role of an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)?
It measures blood glucose response after consuming a 75g glucose solution, diagnosing diabetes or prediabetes
What is diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?
Type 1 diabetes characterized by hyperglycemia, ketone production, and metabolic acidosis
What is Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Syndrome (HHS)?
A severe complication of Type 2 diabetes marked by extreme hyperglycemia without significant ketone production.
How is Type 1 diabetes managed?
Insulin therapy, lifestyle management, and regular glucose monitoring.
What is the first-line drug for Type 2 diabetes?
Metformin (a biguanide).
What are sulfonylureas, and how do they work?
A class of drugs (e.g., glibenclamide) that stimulate pancreatic beta cells to release insulin.
What is the function of GLP-1 receptor agonists in diabetes treatment?
They enhance glucose-dependent insulin secretion and reduce appetite.
What is hypoglycemia?
A condition where blood glucose levels fall below 2.5 mmol/L, causing symptoms like sweating and dizziness.
What causes reactive hypoglycemia?
Excessive insulin release in response to carbohydrate intake.
How is hypoglycemia treated?
Rapid glucose intake (e.g., fruit juice, glucose tablets) or intravenous glucose in severe cases.
What is gestational diabetes?
A form of diabetes that develops during pregnancy and usually resolves after childbirth.
How is gestational diabetes diagnosed?
Using an OGTT during the second trimester.
What is the primary treatment for gestational diabetes?
Dietary management and, if necessary, insulin therapy.
Adipocyte
Stores energy as fat
Islet of Langerhans in regards to diabetes
Endocrine cells in the pancreas that control glucose metabolism, contain hormones that control blood sugar levels
types: beta cells - secrets insulin and dec blood glucose,
a cells: secretes glucagon and inc blood glucose
IOL important for glucose regulation
TDM
Therapeutic drug monitoring, determines what drug is in someones body, the metabolites in the drug cause the affect by binding to the receptor
Many drugs that are administered therapeutically need to be
Carefully titrated
Pharmacokinetics
relationship between dose given and plasma concentration
achieved OR what the body does to the drug
Phenytoin pros and cons
Drug used to treat epilepsy
Has relatively weak bronchodilating properties
Has no clinically important anti-inflammatory properties
Is difficult to use because of its numerous drug interactions, the
need to monitor serum levels, and its low therapeutic-to-toxicity
ratio
PROS
available in a pill form (may improve compliance??)
it is relatively inexpensive
it is long-acting and could be beneficial overnight
possess anti-asthma properties
Poison
Substance that can cause harm to a living organism
Clinical features of poisoning
Confusion, restlessness, agitation, hyper/hypoventilation
Biochemical features of poisoning
Lactic and ketoacidosis , metabolic too
Hypo and hyperglycaemia
