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micrb 265 > week 6 > Flashcards

week 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Metabolism

A

catabolism+anabolism

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2
Q

catabolism

A

uses energy to break down

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3
Q

anabolism

A

requires energy to grow and build

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4
Q

Metabolic requirements for all cells on earth - 4

A

Water
Free energy
Reducing power
Precursors for metabolites

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5
Q

purpose of Water

A

to carry out reactions

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6
Q

Free energy

A

(energy required to do work)

Predominant molecule involved in free energy is ATP

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7
Q

Reducing power

A

generates free energy and necessary for some biosynthetic reactions

source of electrons

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8
Q

Precursors for metabolites

A

for biosynthesis

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9
Q

ATP has high or low energy

A

ATP has high energy

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10
Q

what happens when terminal phosphate is hydrolyzed

A

ADP+Pi+energy

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11
Q

Converting ADP + Pi to ATP can be done through (5)

A 
Aerobic respiration 
Anaerobic respiration 
Fermentation 
Phototrophy
Chemolithotrophy
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12
Q

ATP hydrolysis to ADP + Pi can be done through

3

A

Chemical work
Transport work
Mechanical work

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13
Q

what makes atp directly on substrate level phosphorylation

A

Energy rich bond on substrate makes ATP directly

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14
Q

substrate level phosphorylation

formula

A

Acetly-S-CoA + H2O + ADP + Pi -> acetate- + HS-CoA + ATP + H+

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15
Q

high energy bond in substrate level phosphorylation

A

Acetyl-S

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16
Q

what powers atp synthase in Oxidative phosphorylation

what powers the force

A

Proton motive force powers ATP synthase

Proton motive force is generated by transfer of electrons

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17
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation efficiency

A

most efficient

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18
Q

what force powers atp synthase in Photophosphorylation

how is force generated

A

Proton motive force powers ATP synthase

Proton motive force is generated by light energy

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19
Q

reduction

oxidation

A

OIL RIG

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20
Q

Gaining more double bond

A

oxidation

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21
Q

Electron donor is ___

Electron acceptor is ___

A

reduced

oxidized

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22
Q

When transferring e-, you ___ the donor and ___ the accepter

A

When transferring e-, you oxidize the donor (lose e-) and reduce the accepter (gain e-)

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23
Q

Reduction potential

A

How badly a molecule wants electrons

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24
Q

Higher ___ gives e- to lower ___ in a favourable reaction

A

Higher reduced gives e- to lower oxidized in a favourable reaction

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25
Q

The further apart two things are, the ___ energy is released

A

more

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26
Q

delta G0’ is negative:

A

reaction produces energy (catabolism)

which cell captures to do other things with

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27
Q

delta G0’ is positive

A

reaction requires energy (anabolism); energy level of products is higher than reactants

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28
Q

why do reactions have activation energy

A

reactions aren’t spontaneous

have to break bonds and form bonds

29
Q

energy is captured in the form of

A

e-

30
Q

Gaining/losing e- can result in ___ ___, which can be conserved and used to form ___

A

Gaining/losing e- can result in energy release, which can be conserved and used to form ATP

31
Q

energy rich molecules have more

A

e-

32
Q

specialized energy carriers (4x2)

A

NAD+/NADH
FAD/FADH2
Ubiquinone/Ubiquinol
Fe2+/Fe3+

33
Q

NAD can accept

A

a proton and two e-

34
Q

hydride

A

1 p+ + 2e-

35
Q

hydride transfer in relation to nad+

A

2p+ + 2e- convert NAD+ to NADH + p+

36
Q

NAD/NADH is used in catabolic/anabolic reactions to capture energy from breaking things down

A

catabolic

37
Q

NADP is used in catabolic/anabolic reactions

A

anabolic

38
Q

where is fad+/fmn+ bound

is it freely swimming in cytosol?

A

Bound to proteins (cofactor)

Not free swimming in cytosol

39
Q

Oxidized FMN accepts ___ and ___; goes from no ___ in FMN to having two ___ in FMNH2

A

Oxidized FMN accepts e- and p+; goes from no protons in FMN to having two p+ in FMNH2

40
Q

Coenzyme Q aka

A

(ubiquinone)

41
Q

where is Coenzyme Q found and why

A

found in membrane

lipid-linked; hydrophobic

42
Q

ubiquinone reduced is called

A

ubiquinol

43
Q

Oxidized ubiquinone requires __e- and __H+ to form fully reduced structure

A

Oxidized ubiquinone requires 2e- and 2H+ to form fully reduced structure

44
Q 
fe2+ = oxidized/reduced
Fe3+ = oxidized/reduced
A 
fe2+ = oxidized
Fe3+ = reduced
45
Q

Iron can be found in heme as

A

2+

46
Q

Iron Found in iron-sulfur clusters attached to

A

cysteine residues

47
Q

what secondary protein structure is found in membrane of Mitochondrial respiratory complex

A

alpha helices

48
Q

where is fad+ in Mitochondrial respiratory complex

A

Central part of protein complex that sits in cytoplasm

49
Q

what process is central part of Mitochondrial respiratory complex involved in, what does it convert and where does it pass it to

A

citric acid cycle

Converts FAD+ -> FADH2 Picks up p+ and e- and passes it to iron sulfur clusters within protein

50
Q

what part of Mitochondrial respiratory complex collects e-

A

Iron and Heme

51
Q

where does heme transfer e to and where is this structure located

A

Heme transfers e- to ubiquinone (ubiquinone is in membrane again) and transfers e- to next complex

52
Q

enzyme activity is significantly impacted by (4)

A
  • substrate concentration (reactants)
  • product concentration
  • pH
  • temperature
53
Q

enzyme decrease Ea by (3)

A

Desolvation (loss of
ordered water molecules)
Hydrogen bonds
Van der waals forces

54
Q

does delta G0’ change when using enzymes

A

no

55
Q

function of enzyme catalyzed reactions

A
  • increase concentrations of substrates at active site of enzyme
  • orient substrate properly with respect to each other in order to form the transition state complex
56
Q

possible energy sources

A

chemical

light

57
Q

e- donor = organic compound; inorganic compound

A 
org = organo-
inorg = litho-
58
Q

C source organic compound; inorganic compound

A 
org = hetero
inorg = auto
59
Q

majority of microorganisms known are

A
  • photolithoautotrophs

- chemoorganoheterotrophs (most pathogens)

60
Q

chemoorganotrophic fueling processes

A
  • fermentation
  • oxidative phosphorylation
  • photophosphorylation
61
Q

good thing about having metabolic flexibility based on environmental requirements,

A

provides distinct advantage if

environmental conditions change frequently

62
Q

example of Photolithoautotroph:
Photolithoheterotroph:
Chemoorganoheterotroph:
Chemolithoautotroph:

A

Photolithoautotroph: Cyanobacteria
Photolithoheterotroph: Purple sulfur bacteria
Chemoorganoheterotroph: E. coli
Chemolithoautotroph: Methanobacteria

63
Q

net reaction of glycolysis

A

Glucose + 2 NAD+ + 2 ADP → 2 pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 ATP

64
Q

functions of acetyl-CoA (6)

A
  • carbohydrate metabolism
  • fatty acid metabolism
  • steroid synthesis
  • amino acid metabolism
  • acetylation (posttranslational modification)
  • carbon storage (beta-hydroxybutyrate)
65
Q

result of citric acid cycle

A

1 acetyl CoA = 3 NADH + 1 ATP + 1 FADH

66
Q

total ATP generated from beta-oxidation of one C16 chain

A

106 ATP

67
Q

HSCoA

A

a carrier molecule, contains energy-rich bond

68
Q

hydrocarbon degradation (4)

A
  • monooxygenases makes the alcohol
  • requires oxygen
  • feeds into beta-oxidation pathway
  • important for bioremediation of oil spills

micrb 265 (4 decks)

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