week 6 Flashcards
Metabolism
catabolism+anabolism
catabolism
uses energy to break down
anabolism
requires energy to grow and build
Metabolic requirements for all cells on earth - 4
Water
Free energy
Reducing power
Precursors for metabolites
purpose of Water
to carry out reactions
Free energy
(energy required to do work)
Predominant molecule involved in free energy is ATP
Reducing power
generates free energy and necessary for some biosynthetic reactions
source of electrons
Precursors for metabolites
for biosynthesis
ATP has high or low energy
ATP has high energy
what happens when terminal phosphate is hydrolyzed
ADP+Pi+energy
Converting ADP + Pi to ATP can be done through (5)
Aerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration Fermentation Phototrophy Chemolithotrophy
ATP hydrolysis to ADP + Pi can be done through
3
Chemical work
Transport work
Mechanical work
what makes atp directly on substrate level phosphorylation
Energy rich bond on substrate makes ATP directly
substrate level phosphorylation
formula
Acetly-S-CoA + H2O + ADP + Pi -> acetate- + HS-CoA + ATP + H+
high energy bond in substrate level phosphorylation
Acetyl-S
what powers atp synthase in Oxidative phosphorylation
what powers the force
Proton motive force powers ATP synthase
Proton motive force is generated by transfer of electrons
Oxidative phosphorylation efficiency
most efficient
what force powers atp synthase in Photophosphorylation
how is force generated
Proton motive force powers ATP synthase
Proton motive force is generated by light energy
reduction
oxidation
OIL RIG
Gaining more double bond
oxidation
Electron donor is ___
Electron acceptor is ___
reduced
oxidized
When transferring e-, you ___ the donor and ___ the accepter
When transferring e-, you oxidize the donor (lose e-) and reduce the accepter (gain e-)
Reduction potential
How badly a molecule wants electrons
Higher ___ gives e- to lower ___ in a favourable reaction
Higher reduced gives e- to lower oxidized in a favourable reaction
The further apart two things are, the ___ energy is released
more
delta G0’ is negative:
reaction produces energy (catabolism)
which cell captures to do other things with
delta G0’ is positive
reaction requires energy (anabolism); energy level of products is higher than reactants
why do reactions have activation energy
reactions aren’t spontaneous
have to break bonds and form bonds
energy is captured in the form of
e-
Gaining/losing e- can result in ___ ___, which can be conserved and used to form ___
Gaining/losing e- can result in energy release, which can be conserved and used to form ATP
energy rich molecules have more
e-
specialized energy carriers (4x2)
NAD+/NADH
FAD/FADH2
Ubiquinone/Ubiquinol
Fe2+/Fe3+
NAD can accept
a proton and two e-
hydride
1 p+ + 2e-
hydride transfer in relation to nad+
2p+ + 2e- convert NAD+ to NADH + p+
NAD/NADH is used in catabolic/anabolic reactions to capture energy from breaking things down
catabolic
NADP is used in catabolic/anabolic reactions
anabolic
where is fad+/fmn+ bound
is it freely swimming in cytosol?
Bound to proteins (cofactor)
Not free swimming in cytosol
Oxidized FMN accepts ___ and ___; goes from no ___ in FMN to having two ___ in FMNH2
Oxidized FMN accepts e- and p+; goes from no protons in FMN to having two p+ in FMNH2
Coenzyme Q aka
(ubiquinone)
where is Coenzyme Q found and why
found in membrane
lipid-linked; hydrophobic
ubiquinone reduced is called
ubiquinol
Oxidized ubiquinone requires __e- and __H+ to form fully reduced structure
Oxidized ubiquinone requires 2e- and 2H+ to form fully reduced structure
fe2+ = oxidized/reduced Fe3+ = oxidized/reduced
fe2+ = oxidized Fe3+ = reduced
Iron can be found in heme as
2+
Iron Found in iron-sulfur clusters attached to
cysteine residues
what secondary protein structure is found in membrane of Mitochondrial respiratory complex
alpha helices
where is fad+ in Mitochondrial respiratory complex
Central part of protein complex that sits in cytoplasm
what process is central part of Mitochondrial respiratory complex involved in, what does it convert and where does it pass it to
citric acid cycle
Converts FAD+ -> FADH2 Picks up p+ and e- and passes it to iron sulfur clusters within protein
what part of Mitochondrial respiratory complex collects e-
Iron and Heme
where does heme transfer e to and where is this structure located
Heme transfers e- to ubiquinone (ubiquinone is in membrane again) and transfers e- to next complex
enzyme activity is significantly impacted by (4)
- substrate concentration (reactants)
- product concentration
- pH
- temperature
enzyme decrease Ea by (3)
Desolvation (loss of
ordered water molecules)
Hydrogen bonds
Van der waals forces
does delta G0’ change when using enzymes
no
function of enzyme catalyzed reactions
- increase concentrations of substrates at active site of enzyme
- orient substrate properly with respect to each other in order to form the transition state complex
possible energy sources
chemical
light
e- donor = organic compound; inorganic compound
org = organo- inorg = litho-
C source organic compound; inorganic compound
org = hetero inorg = auto
majority of microorganisms known are
- photolithoautotrophs
- chemoorganoheterotrophs (most pathogens)
chemoorganotrophic fueling processes
- fermentation
- oxidative phosphorylation
- photophosphorylation
good thing about having metabolic flexibility based on environmental requirements,
provides distinct advantage if
environmental conditions change frequently
example of Photolithoautotroph:
Photolithoheterotroph:
Chemoorganoheterotroph:
Chemolithoautotroph:
Photolithoautotroph: Cyanobacteria
Photolithoheterotroph: Purple sulfur bacteria
Chemoorganoheterotroph: E. coli
Chemolithoautotroph: Methanobacteria
net reaction of glycolysis
Glucose + 2 NAD+ + 2 ADP → 2 pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 ATP
functions of acetyl-CoA (6)
- carbohydrate metabolism
- fatty acid metabolism
- steroid synthesis
- amino acid metabolism
- acetylation (posttranslational modification)
- carbon storage (beta-hydroxybutyrate)
result of citric acid cycle
1 acetyl CoA = 3 NADH + 1 ATP + 1 FADH
total ATP generated from beta-oxidation of one C16 chain
106 ATP
HSCoA
a carrier molecule, contains energy-rich bond
hydrocarbon degradation (4)
- monooxygenases makes the alcohol
- requires oxygen
- feeds into beta-oxidation pathway
- important for bioremediation of oil spills
