Week 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a bulge-bracket firm?

A

Bulge bracket is also a catchall term for the most profitable multi-national investment banks in the world, whose banking clients are normally large institutions, corporations, and governments.

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2
Q

What is a bought deal?

A

Investment bank agrees to buy all unsold shares

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3
Q

What is a best-efforts deal?

A

The deal collapses if the shares don’t sell out

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4
Q

What is the Glass-Steagall act?

A

The Glass–Steagall legislation describes four provisions of the United States Banking Act of 1933 separating commercial and investment banking.

The separation of commercial and investment banking prevented securities firms and investment banks from taking deposits, and commercial Federal Reserve member banks from
dealing in non-governmental securities for customers,
investing in non-investment grade securities for themselves,
underwriting or distributing non-governmental securities,
affiliating (or sharing employees) with companies involved in such activities.

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5
Q

What is the Volker rule?

A

But can underwrite. The rule is often referred to as a ban on proprietary trading by commercial banks, whereby deposits are used to trade on the bank’s own accounts, although a number of exceptions to this ban were included in the Dodd-Frank law.

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6
Q

What is the Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act (GLBA)?

A

Repealed the two provisions restricting affiliations between banks and securities firms.[

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7
Q

What is the prudent man/person rule?

A

the prudent-person rule sets a reasonable expectation that the person will make rational, intelligent decisions when making investment choices on behalf of the client.

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8
Q

Why was Glass-Steagal repealed?

A

American firms claimed it made it difficult to compete with European firms that didn’t have the restriction that separated banking from investment banking

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9
Q

Why do underwriters underprice IPOs?

A

They want to be like ticket sales people and create excitement for the offering and sell out

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10
Q

What is a rating agency?

A

It rates the reliability of securities

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11
Q

What were the two biggest assets of the average (not median) US household in 2015?

A

Real estate and pension funds

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12
Q

What best describes the prudent person rule?

A

A law mandating that investment managers must do what another educated experienced investment manager might do in a similar situation

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13
Q

What is the difference between a mutual fund and a closed end fund?

A

A closed end fund is like an ipo

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14
Q

What are brokers?

A
BOAC: Brokers act on behalf of
Others as their
Agent for which they earn a 
Commission 
That is, he charges a commission as a finders fee, for finding someone who will sell a stock his client wants to buy
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15
Q

What is a dealer?

A
DHPM: 
Dealer always acts for
Himself as a
Principal in the transaction making a 
Markup.
If dealer owns shares, he sells at a markup, and if he is buying shares he buys at a discount, the difference between the two prices of which is called a bid-ask spread.
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16
Q

What is the bid-ask spread?

A

The difference between the the market price of the stock and dealer sell/buy price.

17
Q

What is churning?

A

When the broker Executes excessive trade volume to a increase commissions

18
Q

What are the 4 markets?

A
  1. NYSE— first US stock market
  2. NASDAQ— first computerized US national market
  3. NASDAQ small cap— low market capitalization
  4. Inter-institution trade: large institutions sometimes eschew use of stock market systems or securities firms and trade among themselves either stock or other assets
19
Q

What are some advantages of exchanges?

A
  1. Standards and code of ethics
  2. Registered with and regulated by SEC
  3. Listing and delisting requirements for stocks
20
Q

What are some smaller exchanges?

A
  1. NBBO (national best bid offer) via ITS (inter-market trading system)
  2. Regional: Philadelphia exchange
  3. New national: Cincinnati exchange
21
Q

What is loan exchange?

A

The NYSE used to have a loan side where stock loan trades took place for purposes of short trading

22
Q

Why does listing matter?

A

Non-information-based familiarity bias. Not because they know more about the companies or their stocks.

23
Q

How has high frequency trading changed exchanges?

A
  1. Computer programs can trade according to an algorithm
  2. Trade speed is such that only a computer can respond, I.e., speed of transmission and distance matters
  3. Full automation is a competitive issue between exchanges
24
Q

What is payment for order flow?

A

Payment for order flow (PFOF) is the compensation and benefit a brokerage firm receives for directing orders to different parties for trade execution. The brokerage firm receives a small payment, usually fractions of a penny per share, as compensation for directing the order to a particular market maker.

25
Q

What is the problem with payment for order flow?

A

The client cannot depend on the lowest price for order execution nor whether the best price was attained.

26
Q

What is ECN?

A

Electronic communication network

27
Q

How has the problem for PFOF been dealt with?

A

Today, the SEC requires brokers to disclose their policies surrounding this practice, and publish reports that disclose their financial relationships with market makers, as mandated in 2005’s Regulation NMS. Your brokerage firm is required by the SEC to inform you if it receives payment for sending your orders to specific parties. It must do this when you first open your account as well as on an annual basis.

28
Q

Why did the SEC decide not to outlaw PFOF?

A

Part of the decision permitting the practice to continue is the possibility of exchanges developing monopoly power, so the SEC permitted payment for order flow to continue just to enhance competition. There was also some confusion over what would happen to trades should the practice be outlawed, e.g., if it’s affecting millisecond trading it might cause bid-ask spread to widen

29
Q

What is chapter 7 bankruptcy?

A

Utter liquidation

30
Q

What is chapter 11 bankruptcy?

A

Restructuring

31
Q

What are Revenue bonds?

A

It’s like government issued equity. A city could build a bridge and pay for it by selling these bonds.