week 5 (test #2) Flashcards
What is stagecraft? how does this relate to models of policing?
Managing public and political perceptions of policing
*element of stagecraft to different policing models - how can the police sell it to the public and manage perceptions (can’t always just use statistics bc they’re not always clear - data won’t paint a clear picture)
models of policing are largely ____, both within and across agencies
mixed
(not exclusive - can be blended)
What is the professional policing model? aka what? 3 principles?
emphasis on what?
aka watch system
- random patrol
- rapid response
- reactive investigation
- emphasis on presence and visibility (based on the assumption that the community is most assured by this)
- low on analysis and proactive measures
- minimal concern with community partnerships or collaboration
- responding to symptoms over causes
(typically pre-1980s)
What is the community policing model - main principles? when did it become popular? other name for it?
- emphasizes community partnerships and relationship (expanding police role - mission creep - new layer of expectation)
- problem-solving
- crime suppression and attack strategies based on community need - consultative approach
- may incorporate prevention strategies and new response models (strategic placement of police)
1980s is when policing became centered on this model (and still is today)
aka community-based strategic policing
What is intelligence-led policing? examples?
The collection and analysis of information that informs police decisions at the strategic, operational, and tactical levels
ex. mapping, targeting, trends, suspect/gang identification, associations, etc.
- is imbedded in the community policing model - helps community policing find its legs
- more preventative
- intelligence verification is important - have to verify sources
What is crime analysis?
Analysis of crime using statistical and other data in support of crime prevention and response
What is criminal intelligence analysis? what may it do? what’s the difficult part of this work?
Anticipating and preventing crime by mining, analyzing, and disseminating information
- MAY reduce crime and improve police efficiency
Difficult part of this work → when do you release the information
If you jump too soon you might not have enough evidence and not end up with a criminal charge
If you wait too long, people get hurt
What are some of the analytical tools integrated with criminal intelligence analysis?
Technological advance and new techniques (ex. open source - social network, intelligence, big data, AI, etc.)
Predictive and statistical models (ex. risk indexes)
Profiling - personality, biographical sketch, behavioural patterns, etc.
What are 4 main crime response strategies?
Broken window: resolving property neglect to prevent crime escalation
0 Tolerance: cracking down to increase certainty of apprehension/punishment
ex. WPS 0 tolerance for domestic violence
Problem Orientation: developing targeted policing through community collaboration (problems: distrust, not cohesive, community could be wrong)
Crime Attack: targeting specific offenders and locations through patrol and rapid response (ex. hot spots) (problem: can turn into a harassing scenario, or what if the offender is actually trying to turn their life around)
What are primary prevention strategies? examples?
Altering conditions to reduce opportunities for crime
- environmental design (ecological - ex. improving lighting or removing shrubs to reduce hiding spots)
- crime displacement (ex. architecture - moving crime through pressure)
- video management systems (have become prolific)
- community watch (resident organizations)
- community patrols (problem: could be gang infiltrated
- social media (ex. education, tip lines, etc.)
What is an example of a primary prevention strategy implemented in downtown winnipeg?
more police officers, improved lighting, and enhanced security cameras
What are secondary prevention strategies? examples?
Enhancing enforcement in areas with higher crime and disorder
- educational programs (ex. drug use)
- developing community capacity to prevent crime (ex. training neighbourhoods how to prevent crime)
- develop youth leadership through police interaction
- school resource officers
- crime reduction through partnership (ex. coordinating with manitoba housing to see where drugs are happening)
- mobilization within ‘at-risk’ communities
What is tertiary prevention? examples?
Preventing the re-occurrence of criminal behaviour
- targeting first-time offenders involved in less serious crime
- diversion programs (ex. intensive supervision/support programs)
- keeping youth out of custody but supervising them in the community
people are more favourable towards police when police are _____, ______, and _____
visible, accessible, and relatable
How do community members typically respond to police initiatives? what can this lead to?
- usually unwilling to become involved with police initiatives - low interest
- unaware of police initiatives
- want strong presence, regardless of efficiency
can lead to impression management (police trying to influence how the community sees them)
What are the 4 necessary conditions for prevention to actually work?
- prevention must be a CORE mandate and well led
- all levels of agency are integrated - must be tailored to the context/community
- honour history and culture and take input seriously - must be holistic and sustainable
- who is involved and low long? sufficient resourcing? avoid unneeded criminalization - should be measurable (but how do we define success)
What is team policing?
when a team of officers are permanently deployed to small/defined neighbourhoods to maximize interaction and communication
What is needed to evaluate prevention programs?
- need time to gather and study longitudinal data
- incorporate contextual variables and caution about the transferability of the strategy (incorporate the Task Environment)
> with big and complex communities, it’s hard to pinpoint the independent variable
What factors can obscure the evaluation of prevention programs?
- the idealization of collaboration (can’t assume this is a quick fix, also sometimes we use the word collaboration when really it’s just co-location - may not really be working together)
- the assumption of effective leadership - if you have a bad sargeant the plan is screwed
- the assumption of expertise (are the ‘best resources’ sent to collaborate/participate) > ex. unethical thinking → i’m gonna send my worst staff member to do this project because I don’t want them working with me right now
- the assumption of stability (ex. assuming the same staff with the same level of commitment will administer the program)
What are some of the roles that investigation of files might incorporate?
patrol, undercover, informant, surveillance, detective, and analytic resources
* or, investigative progress may rest largely on a few individuals
What can improper investigations lead to?
Wrongful detention, conviction false confession, erroneous information, ‘tunnel vision’ (fixating on a target and going in the wrong direction - can be intelligence-led), etc.
What are integrated units and specialty units?
integrated units - multi-agency investigative teams
> assumes a lot - lots of things that have to happen to make this work
specialty units - resources focused on a particular crime area
> People specializing in one particular issue → they get good at it and gain experience → but this can be bad too because if you’re specialized in child exploitation for example that’s really dark → high rate of burnout
what are cold cases?
crimes that remain unsolved for a considerable period, becoming dormant
Why might cold case files be re-opened?
- DNA technology
- forensic genealogy - matches DNA of close relatives to narrow the range of suspects
- new information (ex. big data - CTV scans, license plates, informants, etc.) - new testimony, witness statement, or allegation
*Because of the discretionary piece and because of investigations stalling after a point in time, some agencies have a specific group that go out and look back at these investigations
