Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSYC 340, Aggression (test 2) > Week 5: Situational Factors > Flashcards

Week 5: Situational Factors Flashcards

1
Q

Does alcohol CAUSE aggressive behaviour?

A

No. Even though aggressive behaviour tends to be shown under the influence of alcohol it does not suggest that alcohol is the CAUSE of an individual’s aggressive actions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 2 complementary routes through which alcohol can affect aggressive behaviour?

A
  1. Pharmacological effects
  2. Psychological effects
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the “balanced placebo design”

A

The method of choice for separating the pharmacological and psychological effects of alcohol on aggression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe the 4 groups of the “balanced placebo design” and the outcomes of each

A

Alcohol group
- Correctly informed going to drink alcohol
- Experience both physiological changes & psychological effects

Control group
- Correctly informed not going to drink alcohol
- Experience neither pharmacological nor psychological effects

Placebo group
- Informed they would drink alcohol but actually given non-alcoholic drink
- Alcohol-related expectancies but no pharmacological changes

Anti-placebo group
- Informed they had a non-alcoholic drink but they actually drank alcohol
- Experience pharmacological changes but no psychological effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

According to the “balanced placebo design” if participants in the anti-placebo group behave more aggressively than those in the control group what does this suggest?

A

This suggests that the differences can be explained as a result of the physiological changes caused by the alcohol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

According to the “balanced placebo design” if participants in the placebo group and control group behave differently, what does this suggest?

A

This suggests that the differences can be attributed to alcohol-related expectancies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

According to Bushman and Cooper (1990) meta-analysis what conclusions did they make regarding the psychological effects and pharmacological changes of alcohol in regard to aggressive behaviour?

A

Both psychological effects and pharmacological changes are necessary to predict aggressive behaviour.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

In the I^3 model, alcohol is a ____________ influence

A

impelling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The priming effect of alcoholic beverage bottles has shown to be as strong as the effect elicited by images of weapons as aggression-related primes.

TRUE or FALSE

A

TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Using a priming paradigm, one study demonstrated that participants showed ___________ reaction times in recognizing aggression-related words after they were subliminally presented with images of alcoholic beverage bottles than following a priming with non-alcoholic beverage bottles

A

shorter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are 3 situational moderators of the alcohol-aggression link?

A
  1. Provocation
    - Alcohol consumption seems to be closely linked to aggression when people are provoked.
    - Provocations have a greater effect on intoxicated versus sober people (and men > women)
  2. Self-focused attention
    - Impaired under influence of alcohol
    - Attempts to contract the aggressive effects of alcohol via increased self-focused attention seems to be successful only at relatively low levels of intoxication
  3. Presence of aggressive situational cues
    - Intoxicated individuals are more susceptible to distraction and respond to explicit, salient, external cues
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are 4 personal moderators of the alcohol-aggression link?

A
  1. Trait Anger
  2. Hostile Rumination
  3. Irritability
  4. Weight
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are 2 physiologically-based explanations for the alcohol-aggression link?

A
  1. Disinhibition hypothesis
  2. Arousal hypothesis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Disinhibition hypothesis

A

Alcohol diminishes activity of limbic system and impairs prefrontal cortex that controls aggressive impulses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a criticism of the disinhibition hypothesis?

A

The finding that participants who received alcohol but were unaware of it (anti-placebo condition) were not found to be more aggressive than participants who neither expected nor received alcohol (control condition) argues against the assumption of such a direct link between alcohol and aggression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Arousal hypothesis

A

Alcohol can act like a stimulant at low-moderate levels which leads to increased arousal and thus aggression

*Alcohol can amplify our initial state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are 2 psychologically-based explanations for the alcohol-aggression link?

A
  1. Expectancy Hypothesis
  2. Alcohol Myopia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Expectancy Hypothesis

A

Alcohol leads to aggression because we believe it does

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Alcohol Myopia Model

A

Attributes the psychological effects of alcohol on aggression to the disruption of cognitive information processing

This includes:
- Attentional focus on relatively salient stimuli
- Responses to immediate stimuli
- Ego inflation
- Preference for simple versus complex solution

20
Q

Although ostracism, rejection, and social exclusion emphasize different aspects, what is the common core that they share?

A

All describe experiences that undermine a person’s need for social approval and connectedness.

21
Q

__________ is what is being done, __________________ is what is being felt

A

rejection; social exclusion

22
Q

What is the contradiction of rejection?

A

Those who are ostracized do not fix their behaviour or make themselves feel better but instead engage in more antisocial and self-defeating behaviour

23
Q

The Cyberball Game, Life Alone Paradigm, and Get Acquainted Paradigm…

A

have all generated evidence about the negative effects of social exclusion on self-esteem and feelings of control

24
Q

What are the 2 common ways of reacting to the aversive experience of social rejection

A
  1. Try to restore social inclusion
  2. Engage in aggressive behaviour
25
Q

In explaining the effects of social exclusion, a two stage process has been proposed. Explain.

A

Automatic response:
- Largely unaffected by individual differences or contextual variables
- Accompanied by anger, sadness, helplessness

Controlled response:
- More controlled cognitive appraisal
- Influenced by stable dispositions and contextual variables

26
Q

Individuals in collectivist cultures might be more negatively affected by social rejection because…

A

they have an interdependent self-concept that is mainly defined by good relationships with others

27
Q

Individuals in individualist cultures may be more affected by social rejection because…

A

they have fewer social bonds that can potentially buffer the impact of social rejection

28
Q

The psychological mechanism underlying the impact of aggressive cues on aggressive cognitions and behaviour is referred to as…

A

priming

29
Q

One rare field experiment on the weapons effect offered a practical recommendation with regard to Tasers, what was it?

A

Although Tasers have been shown to be effective in reducing lethal force in police operations, they should not be carried to be visible, but concealed from sight to prevent them from working as aggressive cues.

30
Q

Why does repeated exposure to aggressive cues increase proneness to aggression

A

Because the more frequently aggressive cues are encountered, the more easily aggressive cognitions and behaviours are activated making them chronically accessible over time

31
Q

There is a large body of correlational evidence on the association between firearm availability and violence but what is the limitation of this?

A

Correlational so cannot establish causality

It could be that more violence leads to higher rates of gun ownership

OR

That higher rates of gun ownership lead to more violence

32
Q

The widespread availability of guns may act as an _________________ _______ activating aggressive cognitions

A

aggressive cue

33
Q

Heat hypothesis

A

Uncomfortably high temperatures increase aggressive behaviour

34
Q

Describe physiologically how high temperatures promote aggressive behaviour

A

More humidity = more sweating = higher heart rate = more arousal

**breathing is more difficult as well

35
Q

What are 3 methodological approaches that have been developed for studying the temperature-aggression link?

A
  1. Geographic regions approach
  2. Time periods approach
  3. Concomitant heat approach
36
Q

Geographic regions approach

A

Aggression is more prevalent in geographic regions with hotter climates

Relies on archival data

37
Q

Strength of the geographic regions approach

A

It can draw on large and reliable data sets about violent crime

38
Q

Limitations of the geographic regions approach

A

Ecological fallacy - unit of analysis is region not the individual so it does not tell us how heat affects the behaviour of specific people

Other region-level variables could potentially explain the effect (i.e., SES)

39
Q

Time periods approach

A

Examines variations in the level of aggression as a function of temperature changes within a region over time

Relies on archival data

40
Q

Strength of the time periods approach

A

Less affected by the confounding influence of socio-structural variables since it examines variations in aggression over different periods of time within the same region

41
Q

Limitation of the time periods approach

A

Rather than reflecting a causal effect of high temperatures, increase in violence may be explained by differences in people’s routines

42
Q

Concomitant heat approach

A

Manipulates temperature in the lab and examines differences in aggressive behaviour

43
Q

What are some reasons for why heat may increase aggressive behaviour?

A
  1. Brain is the most heat sensitive organ
  2. Heat may inhibit serotonin
  3. Heat = poor sleep
44
Q

Why doesn’t the cold increase aggressive behaviour?

A

Because it is easier to warm up than cool off - heat is harder to escape

45
Q

What are 3 other stressors in the physical environment that may increase aggressive behaviour?

A
  1. Crowding (subjective experience)
  2. Noise
  3. Air pollution
46
Q

Rossow (2004) found that for every later in alcohol sales, the homicide rate increased by 9.7%. However there was no effect in Quebec. Why might this be?

A

Because drinking is more normalized in Quebec

PSYC 340, Aggression (test 2) (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions