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Biochemistry > Week 5 Pt 2: Oxidative Phosphorylation > Flashcards

Week 5 Pt 2: Oxidative Phosphorylation Flashcards

1
Q

What limits glycolysis?

A

NAD+ regeneration

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2
Q

What metabolises a lot of lactate?

A

Heart and Liver

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3
Q

What generates FADH2 and NADH?

A

Acetyl COA

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4
Q

How many ATP are generated from a single glucose molecule?

A

36

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5
Q

Glycolysis

A

Glucose-6-phosphate Fructose-6-phosphate Fructose 1,5-bisphosphate GAP and DHAP GAP is converted into 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate 3-phosphoglycerate 2-phosphoglycerate Phosphoenol pyruvate Pyruvate

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6
Q

What does electrons from NADH do?

A

Electrons are transferred to DHAP that produced glycerol-3-phosphate the

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7
Q

TCA: step 1: condensation

A

Acetyl COA combines with oxaloacetate in the presence of condensing enzymes citrate synthase Product: citrate

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8
Q

TCA: step 2: Isomerization

A

Citrate converted isocitrate 1) dehydration: Citric acid is changed into cis-aconitate 2) rehydration: cis-aconitate + H20 = isocitrate Product: isocitrate

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9
Q

TCA: step 3: Dehydrogenation

A

Enzyme: isocitrate dehydrogenase NAD+ forms NADH Product: oxalosuccinate

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10
Q

TCA: step 4: Decarboxylation

A

Enzyme: oxalosuccinate decarboxylase Oxalosuccinate is changed into alpha-ketoglutarate

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11
Q

TCA: step 5: Oxidative Decarboxylation

A

Alpha-ketoglutarate undergoes simultaneous dehydrogenation and Decarboxylation Enzyme: alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex NAD+ and COA required Product: succinyl COA , NADH2 and CO2

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12
Q

TCA: substrate level ATP/ GTP synthesis

A

Enzyme: succinyl thiokinase Succinyl COA hydrolysed Product: COA and succinate CoA is released

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13
Q

TCA: step 7: Dehydrogenation (oxidation)

A

Succinate is oxidised to fumarate Enzyme: succinate Dehydrogenase FAD —> FADH2 Enzyme is attached to inner mitochondrial membrane Contains (Fe-S) protein which enables enzyme to get directly linked to electron transport chain

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14
Q

TCA: step 8: Hydration

A

Fumarate reacts with a molecule of water Enzyme: Fumarase
Product: Malate

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15
Q

TCA: step 9: Dehydrogenation (Oxidation)

A

Enzyme: malate dehydrogenase Product: oxaloacetate

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16
Q

What is Gibbs free energy composed of?

A

Entropy (chaos)

17
Q

Delta G negative

A

Spontaneous reaction

18
Q

Delta G positive

A

Non-spontaneous

19
Q

What do all reaction want to do?

A

Reach equilibrium

20
Q

What happens to Delta G when the reaction is further from equilibrium

A

Delta G is negative

21
Q

What is equation for Delta G?

A

Delta G = Delta H - triangle (TS)

22
Q

What happens as you approach equilibrium?

A

Delta G is lost (metabolism)

23
Q

What is the ratio of ADP:ATP at equilibrium?

A

1 million ADP: 1 ATP

24
Q

When do you have a lot of delta G?

A

When the phosphate bond in ATP is broken

25
Q

What can 1 GTP be easily converted to?

A

1 ATP

26
Q

What does mitochondria use as a source of Acetyl COA?

A

Lipid droplets and use Beta oxidation

27
Q

What is Beta oxidation?

A

Break down Of Lipids

28
Q

What does the brain use as fuel ?

A

Keto acids (branched amino acids)

29
Q

What takes place in the matrix?

A

Decarboxylation of pyruvate The TCA cycle Fatty acid Beta oxidation

30
Q

Where does the conversion of reduced coenzymes into ATP take place?

A

Inner mitochondrial membrane

31
Q

What are the electron transfer processed coupled to?

A

Pumping of protons

32
Q

What provides the energy for proton pumping?

A

The energy received from moving electrons from unstable position to stable position.

33
Q

Oxidation phosphorylation: STEP 1

A

Substrates such as isocitrate and succinate are oxidised Electrons are transferred to coenzymes NAD+ or FAD to form NADH or FADH2 The high energy electrons are transferred through a series of electron carries of ETC The energy released is used to translocation protons from matrix to inner membrane space establishing proton electrochemical gradient across inner mitochondrial membrane

34
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation: STEP 2

A

Protons nice down the electrochemical gradient, through an ATP synthesising complex The energy stored in the gradient is used to synthesise ATP

35
Q

What does infolding of IMM into Cristae Increase?

A

Surface area as required for electron transfer and ATP synthesis

Biochemistry (15 decks)

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