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psyc 102 > week 5 - perceiving objects and scenes > Flashcards

week 5 - perceiving objects and scenes Flashcards

1
Q

scene

A

acted within

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2
Q

object

A

acted upon

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3
Q

what do scenes contain?

A
  • background elements
  • objects organized in meaningful ways with each other and the background
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4
Q

Mary Potter experiment

A
  • participants were given a target to find
  • shown the objects of target followed by a rapid amount of scenes
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5
Q

What did Mary Potter’s experiment find?

A

were are able to perceive the gists of scenes even when a picture is only presented for 1/4 seconds

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6
Q

Li Fei-Fei experiment

A

used masking to show that the overall gist is perceived first followed by details

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7
Q

masking

A

a stimulus that is shown right after initial stimulus to prevent/reduce imprinting time

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8
Q

What did Fei-Fei’s experiment demonstrate?

A

we are able to make out the gist of a scene in as little as 60 ms

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9
Q

global image features of scenes

A

circumstances that allow us to perceive the gist of a scene holistically

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10
Q

What are the types of global image features?

A
  • degree of naturalness
  • degree of openness
  • degree of roughness
  • degree of expansion
  • color
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11
Q

degree of naturalness

A

how natural is the scene?

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12
Q

degree of openness

A

is the scene open or are there objects

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13
Q

degree of roughness

A

related to texture

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14
Q

degree of expansion

A

is scene going beyond the scope of our visual field

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15
Q

regularities

A

things that occur all the time, therefore, we are better able to perceive them

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16
Q

physical regularities

A

regularly occurring physical properties

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17
Q

What are the 3 physical regularities?

A
  • oblique effect
  • uniform connectedness
  • light-from-above heuristic
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18
Q

oblique effect

A

people perceive horizontals and verticals more easily than other orientations

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19
Q

uniform connectedness

A
  • objects are defined by areas of the same color/texture
  • we group and segregate appropriately
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20
Q

light-from-above heuritstic

A
  • light in natural environment comes from above
  • affects the way we perceive direction, angles, etc
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21
Q

semantic regularities

A

relates to meaning of a scene

22
Q

Palmer experiment

A
  • observers saw a context scene which was briefly followed by target pictures
  • prompted to correctly identify each stimuli
23
Q

What were the results to Palmer’s experiment?

A
  • target congruent with the context were identified 80% of the time
  • targets incongruent were only identified 40% of the time
24
Q

Torrallba experiment

A
  • an image of a blurred object is difficult to identify
  • putting the “blob” in a context scene makes it easier to perceive and identify
  • relates to semantic regularities
25
Q

theory of unconscious inference

A

created by Helmholtz to explain why stimuli can be interpreted in more than one way

26
Q

likelihood principle

A

objects are perceived based on what is most likely to have caused the pattern

27
Q

Grill-Spector Experiment

A

monitored FFA in participants while showing one of each stimuli per trial (Harrison Ford, random face, random texture) for 50 ms followed by random-pattern mask

28
Q

What were the results of the Grill-Spector experiment?

A
  • FFA was greatest when Ford stimuli was correctly identified
  • less activity in FFA when stimuli was identified as something else
  • little FFA response when a face was not identified
29
Q

What would occur if an optic nerve was damaged?

A

information from right eye would be cut off

30
Q

What would occur if an optic chiasm was damaged?

A

left visual field would be lost

31
Q

What two aspects are able to disrupt the development of vision?

A
  • depth perception
  • binocular rivalry
32
Q

depth perception

A
  • slightly different input from each eye
  • this allows us to perceive distance
33
Q

binocular rivalry

A
  • brain is unable to perceive two different inputs from each eye
  • we usually “switch off” and images do not fuse
34
Q

Sheinberg and Logothesis experiment

A
  • used primates to show physiological process of binocular rivalry
  • monkey was shown two images (one for each eye: butterfly and sunburst)
  • recorded neuron in IT cortex
35
Q

What were the results of the Sheinbergy and Logothetis experiment?

A

the neuron in the IT cortex responded most to the butterfly

36
Q

Tong et. al experiment

A
  • used binocular rivalry experiment with house and face
  • participant pushed button to indicate perception
37
Q

What were the results of the Tong experiment?

A

fMRI showed an increase in activity in
- parahippocampal place area for house
- FFA for face

38
Q

Kamitani and Tong experiment

A
  • carried on Tong study but with regards to gradings of different orientations
  • responses from fMRI voxels were measured
  • able to determine a particular patter of voxel activity attributed to each type of grading orientation
39
Q

What was the orientation decorder able to do?

A

analyzed voxel activity and able to accurately predict which orientation had been presented

40
Q

structural and semantic encoding experiment

A
  • different types of imagery shown to determine pattern of voxel activity
  • decoder matches target image but did not do a good job at matching structural elements
  • semantic information allowed decoder to do a much better job at predicting
41
Q

fusiform face area (FFA)

A

responds only to faces

42
Q

t/f: inverted and upside down faces are much harder to perceive that inverted cars

A

true

43
Q

t/f: there is low recognition performance when a low negative face is presented

A

true

44
Q

t/f: there is a high recognition performance when the face is negative and the eyes are positive

A

true

45
Q

t/f: recognition performance is at its highest when a full-positive face is presented

A

true

46
Q

amygdala

A

activated by emotional aspects of face

47
Q

superior temporal sulcus (STS)

A

responds to where the person is looking and to mouth movements

48
Q

frontal cortex (FC)

A

activated when evaluating facial attractiveness

49
Q

Newborn vision experiment

A
  • presented 3 types of visual stimuli to babies who were just born
  • measured interest by recording rotation of eyes
  • stimulus with face like features had highest response
  • stimulus with no features got lowest response
50
Q

toddler vision experiment

A

1-2 year olds were given 2 types of stimuli and were prompted to choose a preference between the two

51
Q

What were the results for toddler vision experiment?

A
  • preference for upright face over upside down face
  • preference for top-heavy configuration over bottom-heavy
  • no distinct preference for either upright or top-heavy configuration faces
52
Q

What do the results of the toddler vision experiment suggest?

A

infants can recognize faces to an extent

psyc 102 (21 decks)

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