week 1 - continued Flashcards
frontal lobe
motor control
occipital lobe
processes visual information
temporal lobe
codes auditory and olfactory information
parietal lobe
codes somatosensory info
incela
codes taste info
cerebellum
- “little brain”
- filled with lobules
- contains biggest neurons
lobules
little lobes visible when the cerebellum is cut in half
neural net hypothesis (rectangular theory)
nervous system is a continuous mass of tissue
cell hypothesis theory
neurons are individual cells
neuron doctrine
neurons are cells that form the basic unit of the neverous system
What are the two main types of cells within the brain?
neurons and neuroglia
nucleus
holds DNA
mitochondria
produces ATP
golgi apparatus
transports lipids and proteins
smooth ER
produces lipids
rough ER
produces proteins
lysosomes
digest by using enzymes
cell membrane
- phospholipid bilayer
- keeps certain things in an out
- contains transmembrane proteins
What is the phospholipid bilayer made of?
hydrophillic head and hydrophobic tail
What are ion channels made of?
group of transmembrane proteins
What is the function of neurons
process, transfer, and store information
What is the function of neurglia?
support, regulate, and protect neurons
How do you identify a neuron in comparison to other cells?
- looks “busier” in the cell body
- consists of a lot of organelles
What are the different parts of a neuron?
- soma
- dendrites
- axon
soma (cell body)
- contains organelles
- stores and processes info
- protein production
dendrites
- receive information from other neurons
- stimulated by environmental changes or the activities of other cells
- contains spines
axon
carries information away from the neuron
What are the parts of an axon?
- afferent axon
- efferent axon
- interneuron
afferent axon
receives sensory neurons and takes it into CNS (admission)
efferent axon
- responsible for behavioral response
- motor neurons
- “exit”
interneuron
- space between afferent axon and efferent axon
- located in CNS
- receives sensory information and sends it to motor neurons
synaptic terminal
- transfer information between neurons
- full of mitochondria and synaptic vessels
- usually connects with another dendrite
synaptic vessels
spaces filled with neurotransmitters that are sent out as signals
What are the different classifications of neurons based on form?
- anaxomic neuron
- multipolar neuron
- bipolar neuron
- unipolar neuron
anaxomic neuron
- no anatomical clues to determine axons from dendrites
- functions unknown
- likely to be an interneuron; found in CNS
multipolar nueron
- most common type
- multiple dendrites and a single axon
bipolar neuron
- two processes coming off cell body (one dendrite and one axon)
- only found in ear, eye, and nose
unipolar (pseudounipolar) neuron
- single process coming off cell body, giving rise to dendrites (at one end) and axon (making up rest of process)
- not actually one process
What are the different classifications of neurons based on type of information and the direction of transmission?
- sensory neurons
- motor neurons
- association neurons
sensory (afferent) neurons
- transmit sensory information from receptors of PNS and towards the CNS
- most are unipolar, some are bipolar
motor (efferent) neurons
- transmit motor information from the CNS to effectors in periphery of body
- all are multipolar
association neurons (interneurons)
- transmit information between neurons within the CNS
- analyze inputs and coordinates outputs
- most common type of neuron
- all are multipolar
What occurs when motor neurons die?
You will be unable to move, however, you are still able to receive sensory information and bring it to interneurons in CNS. aka motor neuron disease
neuroglia
other cellular component of nervous system
What are the types of neuroglia?
- astrocytes
- radial glia
- microglia
- oligodendrocytes
- Schwann cells
- satellite cells
astrocytes
- wrap synaptic terminals to aid in facilitating information and synchronicity
- scaffolding
- increase in number after brain injury
scaffolding
mechanical and metabolic support
radial glia
- astrocyte subtype
- during fetal development, they extend long processes to use as scaffolding (ladder) to get a neuron from one location to another
microglia
- phagocytosis (eat dead debris)
- increase in number after brain injury or toxic insult
What neuroglia mainly makes up nervous tissue?
Microglia makes up 5-20% of all glia
oligodendrocytes
surround axon and build myelin in CNS
myelin
surround sheet that allows electrical signals to move faster
Schwann cells
surround all axons of motor neuron in PNS creating a neurilemma around them
neurilemma
- allows for potential regeneration of damaged axons
- creates myeline sheath around most axons of PNS
satellite cells
support groups of cell bodies of neurons within ganglia of PNS
