Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSYCH 101 > Week 5 Lectures > Flashcards

Week 5 Lectures Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Physics 101 flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards Chemistry 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

neuroscience (2)

A
  • scientific study of nervous system

- has many different subdisciplines including biopsychology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

biopsychology (3)

  • what is it
  • what does it assume
  • what else is it called
A
  • scientific study of biology of behaviour
  • starts with assumption that brain is behaviour/cognition and vice versa
  • aka behavioural neuroscience among other things
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does biopsychology specifically mean in terms of its name?

A
  • biological approach TO the study of psychology
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Who is Avicenna? (2)

A
  • philosopher and physician
  • gave psychological explanations for certain somatic illnesses, emphasizing unity of physiological and psychological disorders and importance of considering whole person when treating ailments
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What books did Avicenna write? (2)

A
  • The Canon of Medicine

- The Book of Healing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Who is William James? (2)

A
  • “father of American psychology”

- trained as a physiologists, believed that study of psychology should be grounded in biology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is William James famous for? (2)

A
  • James-Lange Theory of Emotion

- idea of stream of consciousness and for studying altered states of consciousness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Where did the real birth of modern Biopsychology occur?(2)

A
  • Montreal, Canada

- two hot spots of biopsychological thinking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What were the two hotspots of biopsychological thinking? (2)

A
  • Montreal Neurological Institute

- Department of Psychology (McGill)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Who is Wilder Penfield? (3)

  • what was his role
  • what did he do/what was he famous for (2)
A
  • headed Montreal Neurological Institute
  • famous for treating epilepsy
  • mapped the brain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How did Wilder Penfield map the brain? (3)

A
  • by using electrical stimulation to illicit movement in different parts of the body
  • created somatotopic map by stimulating certain brain areas to create touch in certain parts of the body
  • connected temporal lobe to memory by eliciting memories when stimulating the temporal lobes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

homunculus

A
  • “little man”

- shows somatotopic mapping of the body across the primary somatosensory cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Who is Donald Hebb?

A
  • head of Department of Psychology at McGill
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the most common nonhuman animals used as subjects of biopsychological research? (2)

A
  • rats are most frequently used

- mice, cats, dogs, and nonhuman primates are also widely studied

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the two most common positions regarding animal experimentation? (2)

A
  1. IN SUPPORT OF NON-HUMAN EXPERIMENTS: they will produce such great benefits for humanity that they are morally acceptable
  2. OPPOSED TO NON-HUMAN ANIMAL EXPERIMENTS: the level of suffering and number of animals involved are both so high that the benefits to humanity don’t provide moral justification
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the six divisions of biopsychology? (6)

A
  • Physiological Psychology
  • Psychopharmacology
  • Neuropsychology
  • Psychophysiology
  • Comparative Psychology
  • Cognitive Neuroscience
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Physiological Psychology (2)

A
  • study mechanisms of behaviour through direct manipulation of the brain
  • can be done through brain lesions on non-human subjects, implants of electrodes to stimulate parts of the brain in non-human subjects
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Psychopharmacology (2)

A
  • focuses on manipulation of neural activity and behaviour with drugs
  • administer drugs to human or non-human subject to see effects on behaviour
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Neuropsychology (2)

A
  • studies psychological effects of brain damage in human behaviour
  • interested in case studies of human subjects
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Psychophysiology (2)

A
  • studies relationship between physiological activity and psychological processes in humans
  • use EEG machines to record electrical activity of. the surface of the brain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Comparative Psychology

A
  • compares behaviours of different species to understand evolution, genetics and adaptiveness of behaviour
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Cognitive Neuroscience (2)

A
  • studies neural bases of cognition: thought, memory, attention, complex perceptual processes and more
  • use modern imaging techniques (fMRI, PET scan)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the 2 general types of cells in the nervous system? (2)

A
  • neurons

- glia cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are three types of glia cells? (3)

A
  • astroglia
  • oligodendrocyte
  • microglia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

astroglia

A
  • synaptic plasticity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

oligodendrocyte

A
  • myelinate axons and neruons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

microglia

A
  • take care of garbage collection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

dendritic spines

A
  • small protuberances on dendrite where synapses are formed

- display considerable plasticity (change shape and form quite rapidly)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

nodes of ranvier

A
  • space inbetween myelin sheath wrappings
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

postsynaptic side

A
  • cell that is receiving chemical transmission

- has receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

presynaptic side

A
  • cell sending chemical transmissions

- contains vesicles that contain neurotransmitter molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

axosecretory synapses

A
  • axon terminal secretes directly into bloodstream
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

axoaxonic synapses

A
  • axon terminal secretes into another axon
34
Q

axondendritic synapses

A
  • exon terminal ends on a dendrite spine
35
Q

axoextracellular synapses

A
  • axon with no connection secretes into extracellular fluid
36
Q

axosomatic synapses

A
  • axon terminal ends on soma
37
Q

axosynaptic synapses

A
  • axon terminal ends on another axon terminal
38
Q

What are the 3 general types of neurons?

A
  1. sensory neurons
  2. motor neurons
  3. interneurons
39
Q

sensory neurons

A
  • carry information from sensory organelles to nervous system
40
Q

motor neurons

A
  • carry signals out of nervous system and makes synapses onto muscles of body
41
Q

interneurons

A
  • found within central nervous system carrying information within the nervous system
42
Q

What two divisions is the vertebrae nervous system (NS) composed of? (2)

A
  1. central nervous system (CNS)

2. peripheral nervous system (PNS)

43
Q

What is the CNS composed of?

A
  • brain and spinal cord
44
Q

What is the PNS composed of? (2)

A
  • Somatic Nervous System (SNS)

- Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

45
Q

What does the somatic nervous system do? (3)

A
  • interacts with external environment
  • afferent nerves carry sensory signals from skin, skeletal muscles, joints, eyes, ears, etc into the CNS
  • also has efferent nerves that carry motor signals from CNS out to skeletal muscles
46
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system do? (3)

A
  • participates in regulation of internal environment
  • afferent nerves carry sensor signals from internal organs to CNS
  • also has efferent nerves that carry motor signals from the CNS to internal organs
47
Q

What are the two types of efferent nerves in the autonomic nervous system? (2)

A
  • sympathetic nerves

- parasympathetic nerves

48
Q

What do sympathetic nerves do?

A
  • mobilize energy resources in threatening situations (eg. via adrenal gland)
49
Q

What do parasympathetic nerves do?

A
  • act to conserve energy
50
Q

What areas does the spinal cord comprise of? (2)

A
  • inner H-shaped core of gray matter

- surrounding area of white matter

51
Q

What is the grey matter inside the H-shaped core of the spinal cord composed of?

A
  • cell bodies and unmyelinated axons
52
Q

What is the white matter in the spinal cord composed of?

A
  • myelinated axons
53
Q

What swellings appear in early development? (3)

A
  • forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain
54
Q

In later development, what swellings appear? (5)

A
  • telencephalon
  • diencephalon
  • mesencephalon
  • metencephalon
  • meyelencephalon
55
Q

myelencephalon (3)

  • aka
  • composition
  • reticular formation
A
  • aka medulla
  • composed largely of tracts carrying signals between the rest of brain and the body
  • reticular formation: about 100 nuclei involved in myriad of functions
56
Q

metencephalon (3)

  • composition
  • pons
  • cerebellum
A
  • houses many fiber tracts
  • fibers and pontine nuclei create large bulge called the pons
  • contains cerebellum structure that takes up 10% of brain volume but contains 50% of its neurons
57
Q

mesencephalon

A
  • composed of tectum and tegmentum
58
Q

tectum

A
  • in mammals, composed of 2 pairs of bumps: inferior colliculi and superior colliculi
59
Q

tegmentum

A
  • contains top if reticular formation, fibers of passage, periaqueductal grey, substantia nigra, and red nucleus
60
Q

diencephalon

A
  • composed of thalamus and hypothalamus
61
Q

thalamus

A
  • comprises many different types of nuclei, some are sensory relay nuclei
62
Q

hypothalamus

A
  • plays important role in several behaviours, also has effects on the pituitary gland
63
Q

telencephalon (2)

A
  • largest division of brain

- most prominent constituent is cerebral cortex

64
Q

cortex

A
  • highly convoluted, increasing surface area while maintaining small volume
65
Q

lissencephalic (2)

A
  • smooth brained

- characterize mammals

66
Q

fissure/sulci

A
  • large furrows in cortex
67
Q

gyri

A
  • ridges between fissures
68
Q

cerebral commisures (2)

A
  • few tracts that connect cerebral hemispheres

- largest is corpus callosum

69
Q

what are two major fissures that act as landmarks?

A
  • central fissure

- lateral fissure

70
Q

What is the purpose of the central fissue

A
  • separates front lobe and parietal lobe
71
Q

What is the purpose of the lateral fissure

A
  • separates frontal and parietal lobe from the temporal lobes
72
Q

What are the four lobes of the cortex called?

A
  • frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital
73
Q

What are the 3 major constituents of the limbic system? (3)

A
  • hippocampus (memory functions)
  • amygdala (fear and fear learning)
  • hypothalamus (nuclei, some control pituitary gland)
74
Q

What are the 3 classes of hormones?

A
  1. Amino acid derivative hormones
  2. Peptide and protein hormones
  3. Steroid hormones
75
Q

Amino acid derivative hormones

A
  • synthesized from amino acid molecule (epinephrine)
76
Q

Peptide and protein hormones

A
  • made from short and long chains of amino acid respectively (growth hormone)
77
Q

Steroid hormones

A
  • synthesized from cholesterol (sex steroids)
78
Q

gonads

A
  • produce and release same hormones (androgens, estrogens and progestins)
  • adult ovaries tend to release more estrogens and adult testes tend to release more androgens
79
Q

What is an example of an androgen?

A
  • testosterone
80
Q

What is an example of an estrogen

A
  • estradiol
81
Q

What is an example of a progestin?

A
  • progesterone
82
Q

What signals regulate hormone levels? (3)

A
  1. Signals from other hormones
  2. Signals from nonhormonal chemicals (glucose increases insulin release)
  3. Signals from nervous system (from hypothalamus); experience can affect hormone levels via this sort of signal

PSYCH 101 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions