week 5 heart and lungs Flashcards
head circ should match the chest circ from age what to what
6mo to 2 years
thorax approximates the adult shape by what age
5-6 years
from birth to 3 years, how do the ribs lie? what does this make it hard for young kids to do?
lie horizontally. makes it hard to expand their chest fully and limits TV
larynx is narrowest at the level of the what?
cricoid cartiledge- 1 mm of airway edema can narrow infants airway by 60%
do newborns produce mucous?
not as much increased risk for reps infection
where is the larynx located from age birth to 8-10 years?
2-3 cervical vertebra higher than adults making it at level c3-c4- higher risk of aspiration
what causes an increased risk for childhood airway obstruction?
size of airway and elastic, collapsible tracheal cartilage
What increases infants and toddlers risk for airway edema?
Mucus membrane lining the respiratory track are more loosely attached and very vascular
in infants and toddlers, where does the trachea bifurcate? Where does the trachea bifercate in adults?
 T3. T3 or T4.
why are infants and toddlers breath sounds higher pitched?
smaller airway, earlier place that the trachea bifurcates
Apnea that last longer than how many seconds is outside of normal limits for a neonate? Why do neonates have apnea?
Anything greater than 20 seconds is considered central apnea and is outside of normal limits. Neurologic immaturity of the respiratory drive, periodic breathing with no cyanosis or bradycardia is normal for a neonate. Apnea lesson equal to 10 seconds can be normal for neonates and infants until three months.
What age do children breathe by using the diaphragm and abdominal muscles?
Ages birth through six years
Between what age does breathing become thoracic and the respiratory rate lowers to near adult level?
Age 8 to 10 years
what does it mean that children have a higher amount of anatomical dead space?
conducting airways such as the trachea, the bronchi and the bronchioles are structures that do not have alveoli, which means they are not perfused and gas exchange does not occur. 
share are larger airway structures in a child in the airway?
soft palette, the tongue
most ventilation work is done by what in a child?
diaphragm
What is diaphragmatic breathing?
Chromatic breathing is when the abdominal rises with inspiration and is normal and infants from children until age 7
what are the causes of Tachypneachildren?
Fever, severe anemia, anxiety, pain, cardiac disorders, and lower respiratory tract disorders
prolonged expiratory phase could mean what?
overall air trapping sooo asthma
bronchial breath sounds: pitch, quality, duration, location
high pitch, harsh or hollow, short inspiration time, longer expiration time, heard over trachea
Bronchovesicular breath sounds: pitch, quality, duration, location
Moderate, mixed, inspiratory and expiratory time are equal, between first and second intercostal space at point of bifurcation of trachea, and between scapula
vesicular breath sounds: pitch, quality, duration, location
Hello, blowing sound, inspiratory time is longer than expiratory time, heard throughout peripheral lung fields
Crackles or rails breath sound: description and associated conditions
High-pitched, soft, cracking popping sound fine, crackles or low pitch gargling course crackles maybe localized or diffuse, mainly at end of inspiration, do not clear with cough.
Pneumonia, bronchiolitis, and atelectasis
Rhonchi breath sounds: description and as associated conditions
Low pitch, loud, often, rattling, bubbling, or gurgling, heard mainly at the beginning of inspiration, caused by secretions in large airways, often clears with coughing, low pitch, snoring sounds during expiration results from nearing large airways, swelling, or obstruction
Asthma, pneumonia, bronchitis, bronchiolitis
Wheezes breath sounds: description, associated conditions
High pitch, musical, whistling, or squeaky, maybe inspiratory or expiratory, predominantly expiratory, caused by airway narrowing.
Reactive, airway, disease, bronchiolitis, asthma, foreign body aspiration, and bronchospasms
strider breath sound: description and associated conditions
Loud, course, high-pitched sound, occurs as a result of upper airway narrowing due to inflammation, edema, or the presence of a foreign body. Strider mainly occurs with inspiration and can be heard without a stethoscope.
Viral croup or foreign body aspiration
What is respiratory palpation done to evaluate? When can you start it? In kids?
completed to evaluate respiratory excursions, and to assess for tactile fremitus. Can be started at age 3 and older, who can cooperate with the examination can also be done to identify tenderness, lumps, masses, or crepitus
assessing for respiratory excursion anterior.Where do you put your hands?
Both hands pointing upward on the costal margins of the xiphoid process
