Week 5 and 6 Flashcards

Question

Coding of missing data

Answer 1

Don’t know, Not assessed, Not applicable, Unknown, Refused…. ◦ Are they the same? ◦ Do you apply the same numeric value? E.g. Common codes: ◦ 98 = don’t know, 99 = refused ◦ Missing responses: 999 or ‘.’ or ‘blank’

Answer 2

Reporting frequencies ◦ Do you include or exclude people with missing data? * What to do with additional responses ‘other’ * Reverse coding - One common validation technique for survey items is to rephrase a "positive" item in a "negative" way.

Answer 3

Approach to analysis depends on 1.Research Question 2.Theoretical Content analysis involves systematically analyzing text to identify patterns and themes. Narrative analysis interprets stories to understand customer feelings and behaviors. The thematic analysis identifies patterns and themes in data. Grounded theory analysis generates hypotheses from data. Deductive: Applying existing concepts or ideas to the data. Semantic: Coding based on the explicit content of the data, focusing on factual codes. Realist: Identifying reality evident in the data. Inductive: Deriving codes directly from the data. Latent: Coding based on underlying concepts and assumptions within the data. Constructionist: Analyzing how reality is constructed in the data.

Answer 4

YOU are the data analysis tool Qualitative data analysis is subjective and inductive How YOU see the world will influence how you COLLECT your data and how you INTERPRET your data Acknowledge these influences ◦ Education ◦ Gender ◦ Religious affiliation ◦ Social class ◦ Biases, prejudice ◦ Preconceptions ◦ Ethnicit

Answer 5

Begins... ◦ Part of the research design ◦ Part of the literature review ◦ Part of theory formation ◦ Part of data collection ◦ Part of data ordering, filing and reading ◦ Part of the writing

Answer 6

Code – A label, a name that describes the meaning of the text, usually one or two words Category – Grouping codes that a related to each other through content or context. Organising codes into a category. A category answers questions about who, what, when or where? Category names are factual and short Theme – Expresses underlying meaning across categories. Interpretative. Answers the questions why, how, in what way or by what means. Poetic and metaphoric language can be used. Descriptive and uses verbs, adverbs and adjectives.

Answer 7

Content analysis involves systematically analyzing text to identify patterns and themes. Narrative analysis interprets stories to understand customer feelings and behaviors. The thematic analysis identifies patterns and themes in data. Grounded theory analysis generates hypotheses from data.

Answer 8

A tool to scrutinize your data: The tool or method used for data analysis. Meanings: Individual interpretations or understandings. Processes: Activities or workflows. Practices: Observable behaviors or routines. Encounters: Interactions or exchanges. Narrative structures: Structural elements of stories. Organizations: Specific institutions or entities. Lifestyles: Patterns or choices in living.

Answer 9

Deductive – existing concepts or ideas Semantic – explicit content of the data (factual codes) Realist – reality evident in the data Inductive – derived from the data Latent – concepts and assumptions underpinning the data Constructionist – how reality is created in the data Coding guide ◦ Can be developed prior to analysis based on literature review ◦ Evolves through the process of coding ◦ Codes can be FACTUAL (content analysis) ◦ or INTERPRETIVE (thematic analysis/grounded theory)

Answer 10

Assign a code word or phrase that accurately describes the meaning of the text segment Line-by-line coding is done first in theoretical research (GT, Framework) / segmentation (applied thematic analysis) More general coding involving larger segments of text is adequate for practical research Breaks down data and reconceptualises it Comparison between events, actions, and interactions Apply conceptual labels Group into categories Develop initial relationships

Answer 11

Can use deductive and inductive coding in one project ◦ Study title: ‘care-seeking, self-management and the drivers, costs and benefits of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) used by people with diabetes’ Manderson, L and Canaway, R Camelot Study Deductive codes ensure key areas are analysed ◦ Drivers or motivators of CAM use ◦ Costs of CAM use ◦ Benefits of CAM use Inductive coding then further explores issues raised by participants ◦ e.g. Faith and spiritualit

Answer 12

After open coding text, make a list of all code words Cluster similar codes and look for redundant codes Objective: ◦ reduce the long list of codes to a smaller, more manageable number (e.g. 25 or 30)

Answer 13

Key phrases ◦ These are things that make some sort of (not necessarily describable) sense Topics that occur and recur? (repetition) ◦ People often circle through the same ideas in their talk Local or commonly-used terms used in an unfamiliar way ◦ ‘NVivo’ coding ◦ e.g. “women’s troubles,” “bad blood,” “difficulties” Use of metaphor ◦ What do they represent? ◦ e.g. ‘Rock solid’ marriages are imagined to last, ‘cooking with gas’

Answer 14

Specify more rigorous codes Put data back together – new ways of making connections between a category and sub- categories Interconnecting the data

Answer 15

1. Begin by exploring the general research question 2. Gather data, and code for respondents’ meanings, feelings and actions 3. Look for processes and relationships between specific events and general processes 4. Coding leads to new categories 5. Collect more data on the developing categories 6. Go back re-read earlier data for the new categories, formulate new questions 7. Constantly compare individuals, different events, and categories 8. Write memos throughout re; categories, processes, ideas 9. Move towards memos that are more conceptual and codes that are more abstract

Answer 16

1. Familiarisation with data 2. Coding – apply labels to the data 3. Generating initial themes – identify patterns from the coding 4. Reviewing themes – check themes against coding – does it tell the story of the data? Does it answer the research questions? ◦ “themes are defined as pattern of shared meaning underpinned by a central concept or idea” 5. Defining and naming themes – the story of the theme 6. Writing up