Week 5

Question 1

Define: learning

Answer 1

to gain or acquire knowledge or skills

Question 2

Define: storage/store

Answer 2

put something away for future use

Question 3

Define: rehearsal

Answer 3

practice an action over again

- ex: repeating words

Question 4

Define: retrieval

Answer 4

the process of getting something back from somewhere

- retrieval means getting stored information back so it can then be used

Question 5

Define: memory

Answer 5

the processes which the mind stores and remembers information
- Implication: the mind retains information in order to be able to use retained information in the future

Question 6

Define: system

Answer 6

regularly interacting or independent group of units that form a unified whole

Question 7

Define: code

Answer 7

a system of signals (words, letters, symbols) that can be used to send messages

Question 8

Define: encode

Answer 8

means to transform stimuli obtained directly from the environment in the environment into a signal that can be used by a mind

Question 9

Define: visual code

Answer 9

a signal that has the characteristics of a picture or a display

Question 10

Define: acoustic code

Answer 10

a signal that has the characteristics of sound

Question 11

Define: semantic code

Answer 11

a signal that has meaning

Question 12

Define: chunk

Answer 12

to group together so that several items can be stored or processed as a single item

Question 13

Define: image

Answer 13

a visual representation of something

Question 14

Define: mental image

Answer 14

a visual representation of something in the mind

Question 15

3 systems for creating images

Answer 15

• image structures
• image processes
• visual buffer

Question 16

Define: image structures

Answer 16

arrangement of relations between the part or elements of something complex (images)

Question 17

Define: image processes

Answer 17

transformation of one representation to another visual representation

Question 18

Define: visual buffer

Answer 18

temporary memory area for retaining visual images

Question 19

Define: structure

Answer 19

arrangement of relations between the part or elements of something complex

Question 20

Define: deep representations

Answer 20

“Information in long-term memory that is used to generate the surface representation.”

• Information is not apparent
• Consists of two components (1. language-like statements about an objects parts
  2. spatial co-ordinates to describe position of parts in space)

Question 21

Define: deep

Answer 21

not apparent on a casual view, difficult to understand; possesses quality that are not obvious

Question 22

Define: surface

Answer 22

apparent on a casual view or consideration of someone or something

Question 23

Define: surface representations

Answer 23

“A quasi-pictorial representation that occurs in a spatial medium.” (p130)

• The image is apparent
• Usually visual
• Occurs in a spatial medium
• Created by drawing upon visual and spatial characteristics

Question 24

2 types of image structures

Answer 24

• deep representations

- surface representations

Question 25

Define: visual buffer

Answer 25

a temporary memory area for retaining visual images

Question 26

Define: buffer

Answer 26

a temporary memory area in which data is stored while it is being processed or transferred

Question 27

Differentiate between well- defined problems and ill-defined problems

Answer 27

Well-defined problems:

• clearly defined goals
• clearly defined rules
• goal (solution) can be obtained by following rules

Ill-defined problems:
- not clearly defined goals
- not clearly defined rules
goal (solution) 
-cannot be obtained by following rules

Question 28

Define: problem solving

Answer 28

a process of searching through the problem space until a solution state is found

Question 29

Define: state

Answer 29

the particular condition of a problem at a specific time

Question 30

Define: problem space

Answer 30

a set of all possible “states” of the problem

Question 31

Explain the tower of hanoi problem

Answer 31

• well defined
• you may only move 1 disc at a time
• disc may only be moved to 1 of the 3 columns
• you may never place a larger disc on top of a smaller disc

Question 32

3 types of problem states

Answer 32

1. initial stage
2. intermediate stage
3. goal state

Question 33

Define: initial stage

Answer 33

starting position

Question 34

Define: intermediate stage

Answer 34

problem states between the intial and goal states

- Intermediate: occurring between 2 things in terms of time, place, or order

Question 35

Define: goal state

Answer 35

the desired ending position (see tower of hanoi example)

Question 36

Define: operator

Answer 36

Any permissible cognitive action that is applied to transform one state into another state.

• Operators are illustrated through links (i.e., arrows)
• Operators are implemented in programs through “if_then” rules