Week 5 Flashcards
Define: learning
to gain or acquire knowledge or skills
Define: storage/store
put something away for future use
Define: rehearsal
practice an action over again
- ex: repeating words
Define: retrieval
the process of getting something back from somewhere
- retrieval means getting stored information back so it can then be used
Define: memory
the processes which the mind stores and remembers information
- Implication: the mind retains information in order to be able to use retained information in the future
Define: system
regularly interacting or independent group of units that form a unified whole
Define: code
a system of signals (words, letters, symbols) that can be used to send messages
Define: encode
means to transform stimuli obtained directly from the environment in the environment into a signal that can be used by a mind
Define: visual code
a signal that has the characteristics of a picture or a display
Define: acoustic code
a signal that has the characteristics of sound
Define: semantic code
a signal that has meaning
Define: chunk
to group together so that several items can be stored or processed as a single item
Define: image
a visual representation of something
Define: mental image
a visual representation of something in the mind
3 systems for creating images
- image structures
- image processes
- visual buffer
Define: image structures
arrangement of relations between the part or elements of something complex (images)
Define: image processes
transformation of one representation to another visual representation
Define: visual buffer
temporary memory area for retaining visual images
Define: structure
arrangement of relations between the part or elements of something complex
Define: deep representations
“Information in long-term memory that is used to generate the surface representation.”
- Information is not apparent
- Consists of two components (1. language-like statements about an objects parts
2. spatial co-ordinates to describe position of parts in space)
Define: deep
not apparent on a casual view, difficult to understand; possesses quality that are not obvious
Define: surface
apparent on a casual view or consideration of someone or something
Define: surface representations
“A quasi-pictorial representation that occurs in a spatial medium.” (p130)
- The image is apparent
- Usually visual
- Occurs in a spatial medium
- Created by drawing upon visual and spatial characteristics
2 types of image structures
- deep representations
- surface representations
Define: visual buffer
a temporary memory area for retaining visual images
Define: buffer
a temporary memory area in which data is stored while it is being processed or transferred
Differentiate between well- defined problems and ill-defined problems
Well-defined problems:
- clearly defined goals
- clearly defined rules
- goal (solution) can be obtained by following rules
Ill-defined problems: - not clearly defined goals - not clearly defined rules goal (solution) -cannot be obtained by following rules
Define: problem solving
a process of searching through the problem space until a solution state is found
Define: state
the particular condition of a problem at a specific time
Define: problem space
a set of all possible “states” of the problem
Explain the tower of hanoi problem
- well defined
- you may only move 1 disc at a time
- disc may only be moved to 1 of the 3 columns
- you may never place a larger disc on top of a smaller disc
3 types of problem states
- initial stage
- intermediate stage
- goal state
Define: initial stage
starting position
Define: intermediate stage
problem states between the intial and goal states
- Intermediate: occurring between 2 things in terms of time, place, or order
Define: goal state
the desired ending position (see tower of hanoi example)
Define: operator
Any permissible cognitive action that is applied to transform one state into another state.
- Operators are illustrated through links (i.e., arrows)
- Operators are implemented in programs through “if_then” rules
