Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AAW - CRAAB 1 > Week 5 > Flashcards

Week 5 Flashcards

1
Q

list 3 calcium antagonists

A

Very Nice Drugs

verapamil, nifedipine, diltiazem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Nitrates and nitrites mech

A

decreased preload - lowers left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (causes compensatory increases in heart rate and contractility)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Drug interactions of nitro

A

synergistic hypotension with phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (ED drugs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Ca channel blockers mech on heart

A

increases coronary blood flow
decreases aortic diastolic pressure

decreases HR
decreases contractility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

name one dihidropyradine calcium channel blocker

A

Nifedipine

also anything else that ends in pine like amlodapine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Name two non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers

A

`verapamil, dilteazem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does the cardiac cell do when there is little atp in an attempt to repolarize

A

opens Katp channels to let K out.

other effects of low ATP
high Na in cell
high Ca in cell
delayed repolarization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

how to diagnose hemochromatosis

A

order iron pannel, see

high serum iron
>45% transferrin saturation
low iron binding capacity

or see
HFE gene mutation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

where does iron accumulate in hemochromatosis

A

as hemosiderin in heart, liver, lungs, endocrine glands, joints, skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what can happen to the liver in hemochromatosis

A

hepatoma (liver cancer)

can cause diabetes (bronze diabetes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What happens to the heart in hemochromatosis

A

excess hemosiderin induces myocyte toxcity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what does hemosiderin look like histologically

A

blue streaks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

In the US, what is the mechanism of disease in most amyloidosis cases?

A

monoclonal plasma cell proliferation - producting light chains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

most dangerous types of amyloidosis

A

“stand alone” aka primary anyloidosis

monoclonal protein-derived (aka cancer)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what does amyloidosis look like in the heart

A

amorphous substance around the myofibrils in the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

cause of myocarditis in first world countries

A

mostly viral or post viral in kids

then immune mediated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Chagas disease

A

trypanosoma cruzi

myocarditis
infects esophogous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

histology of myocarditis

A

a bunch of lymphocytes in myocardium,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

histiology of hypersensitivity myocarditis

Tx

A

eosinophils

Tx with steriods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

why are platelets down in hemochromatosis

A

cirrhosis -> portal hypertension -> splenomegaly -> spleen sucks up platelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

common causes of pericarditis/pericardial effusion

A

autoimmune: SLE, RA etc.

intrapericardial blood: trauma, anticoag, ruptured MI, aortic dissection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

EKG in acute pericarditis

A

can have widespread ST elevation that makes people think it’s a STEMI (STEMI will have ST elevation in particular leads)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

chronic/recurrent pericarditis Tx

A

pericardial surgical window

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

pearls of myxomas

A

left atrium usually
like to block the AV valves causing syncope
can break off and embolize

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

most emboli that cause stroke come from the _______ as a result of ________

A

HEART

AFIB

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

if someone has a stroke and you cannot find out why for the life of you, what do you look for

A

ASD

RARE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

leading causes of sudden cardiac death in children

A

myocarditis, coronary artery anomalies (like two coronary ostia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

when do you usually see DVTs

A

local inflammatory disorder
post ortho surg

not systemic hypercoagulability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Tx for PE

A

heparin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

impaired vision loss
jaw claudication
headache
old age

A

think temporal arteritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

how do you definitively diagnose vasculitis

A

tissue Bx (skin or deeper)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

painful small tumors of the distal digits

A

glomus tumor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

arteriovenous malformations

A

tangled mass of arteries and veins without intervening capillary bed, can cause high output heart failure and risk of rupture in the brain

34
Q

AV fistula

A

happens from penetrating vascular injury

a bundle of arteries and veins that bypass capillaries

surgeons create them for purposes of hemodialysis

35
Q

“most feared high grade malignant vascular neoplasm”

A

angiosarcoma

tends to uccur in skin of head and neck or in places with resected lymph nodes

looks like aggressive reddish/purple lesions in the skin with hematogenous metastases

36
Q

hemolytic uremic syndrome can be caused by what bacteria?

A

E. Coli 0157

37
Q

What do you auscultate for in someone with renovascular hypertension

A

a bruit over the abdomen

38
Q

in what disease do you see a “string of beads” angiographic apperance on the renal and cerebral vessels

A

Fibromuscular dysplasia - a deposition of collagen on the arteries

39
Q

What do you think if someone has hypertension and LOW potassium

A

primary aldosteronism (increased aldosterone)

usually from an aldosterone secreting adrenal cortical adenoma

40
Q

what does diabetes do to the kidney

A

diabetic kidney arteriolar sclerosis

kidney glomerulus has multi nodular sclerosis

41
Q

what bacteria CLASSICALLY is associated with aortic aneurism

A

syphilis

also staph, strep

42
Q

Risk of thoracitc aorta and abdominal aorta pearls

A
  • thoracic aorta: 7% rupture risk/year if >6 cm diameter.
    - abdominal aorta: 5 year risk of rupture 20-40% if >5 cm diameter

most aneurysms of aorta are abdominal

43
Q

what do you think when you see purple toes in a guy with vasuculopathic status

A

cholesterol emboli shower

44
Q

DDx for thoracic aortic aneruysm

A

hypertension if >40 years

familial connective tissue disorder if

45
Q

how do you confirm aortic dissection

A

Trans esophogeal echo! look for root dilatation

or chest angiography

46
Q

Typical presentation of acute aortic dissection

Tx?

A

slender tall athlete
collapses on floor during exertion
variable pressures and pulses between arms
diastolic murmur because of aortic root dilatation

Tx is image and do surgery

47
Q

Takayasu’s

A

arteritis, a granulomatous vasculitis affecting large/medium sized arteries like aortic arch and branch vessels

prefers adolescent and young adult women

aka aortic arch syndrome or pulesless disease

downstream ischemic effects

48
Q

polymyalgia rheumatica is linked to what vasculitis

A

Giant cell vasculitis (aka temporal arteritis)

49
Q

Tx for giant cell arteritis

A

take out the vessel, corticosteriods

50
Q

kawasakis pearls and TX

A

Autoimmune destruction of medium sized vessels

mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome

acute, febrile, in children

associated with coronary artery vasculitis, oral mucous membrane changes, palmar/plantar rash

Tx with IVIG

51
Q

Skin pearls of small vessel vasculitis

A

PALPABLE purpura (Henoch-schonlein purpura)

52
Q

What is leukocytoclastic vasculitis

A

cutaneous vasculitis, aka small vessels vasculitis

most common vasculitis in clinical practice

53
Q

systemic small vessels vasculitis effects

A

arthralgia, GI involvement with colicky abdominal pain/GI bleeding, Glomerulonephritis, IgA nephropathy

54
Q

cryoglobulinemic vasculitis pearls and most common cause

A

cryoglobulins = measurable cold-recipitated immunoglobulins, usually monoclonal protein type

most common cause of it is Hep C

Sx: arthralgias, weakness, neuropathy, glomerulonephritis (bad)

55
Q

Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) serology is seen in what condition

A

Wegener’s granulomatosis (c-ANCA)

         Microscopic polyangiitis (p-ANCA)
56
Q

Rx for wegener’s

A

corticosteroids plus CYTOXAN

57
Q

Typical presentation of microscopic polyangiitis

how to diagnose

A

typically acute presentation with renal failure

Dx:
on renal Bx can see rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis
p-ANCA

58
Q

rare systemic vasculitis associated with asthma

A

Churg-strauss

p-ANCA

59
Q

small vessel vasculitis is associated with what connective tissue diseases

A

SLE, RA

60
Q

small vessel vasculitis is associated with what infections

A

rickettia

baterial subacute endocarditis

viruses - lots of different ones

61
Q

mech of esophageal varicies from portal hypertension

A

cirrhosis causes increased portal venous pressure which opens porto-systemic shunts causing esophago-gastic varicies

62
Q

virchow’s triad

A

impeded venous circulation, hypercoagulability, endothelial injury/dysfunction

seen in DVT

63
Q

Dx for DVT

A

venous ultrasound with doppler

64
Q

what test do you do if you suspect a PE secondary to DVT

A

chest CT angiography

65
Q

non pulmonary complications of venous thrombosis

A

post-thrombotic/ throbophlebitic syndrome:

      - chronic venous insufficiency (from valve destruction)
      - often severe stasis dermatitis sequelae
      - usually due to inadequate course of anti-coagulation with 
        inadequate clot lysis.
66
Q

define carcinoma

A

cancer of epithelial origin

67
Q

define angioma

A

cancer via growth of new blood vessels or dilatation of blood vessels

68
Q

kaposi sarcoma

A

caused by HHV-8

seen often in immunocompromised patients

69
Q

Polyarteritis nodosa

A

Medium vessel vasculitis involving renal and visceral vessels but sparing the lungs

neutrophilic vasculitis with aneurysm formation - aneurisms make small beads like on a rosary

30% of patients with this have hep B

70
Q

ARBs

A

anything that ends in sartan

71
Q

Typical lab test finding is shock (5 of them)

A

Hyperkalemia
Hyponatremia
Hyperglycemia

Metabolic acidosis
Lactic acidosis

72
Q

shock index

A

HR/systolic BP

73
Q

vasopressor agents used in shock

A

NE, epi, dopamine, dobutamine

74
Q

define distributive shock

A

Distributive shock includes infectious, anaphylactic, endocrine and neurogenic causes. The SIRS features typically occur in early septic shock

75
Q

when do you use a bell for heart sounds

A

lower pitched sounds i.e.

looking for a mitral regurgitation

76
Q

elevated jugular venous pulse reflects:

A

increased central venous pressure

77
Q

what type of murmur would you expect in congestive heart failure

A

mitral regurg (S1 holosystolic)

because of increased left ventricular dilatation

78
Q

Lateral leads on an EKG

A

I, aVF, V6

79
Q

inferior leads on an EKG

A

II, III, aVF

80
Q

anterior leads on EKG

A

V1,2,3,4

81
Q

SIRS

A

systemic inflammatory response system

AAW - CRAAB 1 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions