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AAW - CRAAB 1 > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What embryonic tissue is the heart derived from?

A

Splanchnic mesoderm

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2
Q

what embryonic tissue is basically everything around and associated with the heart developed from?

A

Neural Crest mesenchyme

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3
Q

What do the right and left aortic arches in a fetus become in an adult

A 
right =  subclavian artery
left = mature aortic arch
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4
Q

What aortic arch forms the ductus arteriosus, which then becomes the ligamentum arteriosum?

A

the left 6th aortic arch

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5
Q

what in a fetus becomes the medial umbilical ligaments?

A

umbilical arteries

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6
Q

What does the umbilical vein become in adults

A

round ligament of the liver (ligamentum teres)

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7
Q

What becomes the foramen ovale, and what becomes the valve of the foramen ovale?

A

secondary septum becomes foramen ovale

primary septum becomes the valve

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8
Q

In what layer of the heart are the purkinje fibers?

A

endocardium

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9
Q

name of the tissue between myocytes

A

endomysium

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10
Q

The contractile state of vascular smooth muscle mainly depends on what molecule?

A

Myosin light chain, and how much it is phosphorylated. If it is more phosphorylated, the muscle is more contracted

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11
Q

pathway when nor epi hits an alpha 1 receptor

A

NE binds alpha 1 (alpha 1 less sensitive to epi
g-protein
phospholipase c
PIP2 -> IP3
IP3 stimulates Ca release from SR, contraction

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12
Q

Pathway when epi hits a beta2 receptor

A

Epi binds beta2 (beta 2 less sensitive to NE)
g-protein (Gs in this case)
adenelyl cyclase
ATP -> cAMP
Ca uptake by SR, also Ca released from cell, membrane hyperpolarization, relaxation

*only found in some organs, less of these in the vasculature than alpha 1

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13
Q

Mech of Nitric Oxide

what cells does it come from

A

Easily diffuses across cell membrane and stimulates cGMP production

cGMP inhibits Ca2+ entry, activates K+ channels -> hyperpolarization

activates MLC phosphatase

ednothelial cells of the vessels

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14
Q

what system is most important in reflex control of the vascular smooth muscle

A

sympathetic

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15
Q

Pharmacomechanical coupling in VSM is able to induce contraction through two mechanisms: opening of ROCs and the release of calcium via the sarcoplasmic reticulum. What component of this pathway is necessary to induce either of these mechanisms?

A

G proteins

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16
Q

do baroreceptors play a role in long term control of arterial pressure?

A

for boards, no

for her quiz, yea. after sustained increases in blood pressure they “incompletely” set that high pressure as being normal.

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17
Q

cushing reflex

A

rise in intercranial pressure results in a rise in blood pressure to keep the vessels in the brain from constricting

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18
Q

superficial pain results in a ___ in blood pressure

deep pain (visceral) results in a ___

A

increase for superficial

decrease for deep

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19
Q

primary sympathetic responses vs secondary

A

secondary sympathetic responses are anything that happens outside the medulary centers

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20
Q

RAAS pathway

A

Angiotensinogen —-Renin—-> angiotensin I

Angiotensin I —-ACE—> Angiotensin II

angiotensin II —-> release of aldosterone and resorption of sodium in the kidneys

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21
Q

mech of vasopressin (ADH)

A

acts on renal collecting ducts (V2 receptors) to increase water permeability (cAMP dependant pathway - like beta 2 receptors). this leads to decreased urine formation and increased blood volume.

Acts on V1 receptors and causes vasoconstriction through the IP3 pathway (like alpha 1 receptors), which increases arterial pressure

(normal concentration of ADH do not cause vasoconstriction. It happens in hypovolemic shock)

22
Q

Three layers of a blood vessel

A

tunica intima
tunica media
tunica adventitia

23
Q

what are weibel-palade bodies

A

storage granules of endothelial cells in the vessels of the heart. They store and secrete vWf and P-selectin

24
Q

what part of the vessels have have a bunch of little “fenestrated” holes like swiss cheese

A

tunica media

25
Q

what layer of the blood vessels have their connective tissue components produced by fibroblasts

A

tunica adventitia

26
Q

what cells in vessels have nuclei that stretch perpendicular to the direction of the vessel?

A

endothelial cells

27
Q

function of metarterioles

A

they are like I35 whereas the capillaries are like off ramps and towns. They have little sphincters that can cut off blood flow from going through all of the capillaries

they are the proximal component of the central channel

28
Q

Things about fenestrated capillaries

A

found in pancreas (endocrine and exocrine), intestines, endocrine glands.

Diameter is about the size of one RBC

has clusters of “fenestrations” or pores

29
Q

Things about sinusoidal capillaries

A

found in bone marrow, liver, spleen, lymphoid organs, some endocrine glands

much larger in diameter than the fenestrated capillaries

30
Q

things about continuous capillaries

A

found in muscle, connective tissue, CNS

has vessicles but no pores

31
Q

mech of diapedesis

A

L-selectin on the neutrophils bind the:

p-selectin and e-selectin on the endothelium

32
Q

in what cells are the ACE enzymes

A

endothelial cells.

33
Q

Where is the preferred site of migration of leukocytes from the blood stream to the interstitial fluid?

A

postcapillary venules

34
Q

what vessels can’t you tell the difference between according to downing

A

sinusoidal capillary

post-capillary venule

35
Q

pearls of high endothelial venules

A

Special versions of small venules found in some lymph organs that allow specific types of leukocytes into the parenchyma of the lymph node

36
Q

pearls of medium veins

A

tunica intima, media, adventitia - biggest layer

internal elastic band, no external elastic band

37
Q

pearls of large veins

A

hard to distinguish between intima and media

*abundant elastic fibers in the tunica adventitia that run longitudinally

38
Q

explain the “respiratory pump”

A

when you inhale, the decrease in pressure helps return blood to the heart more than the increase in pressure inhibits that return on expiration

39
Q

valsalva maneuver mech

A

plug your nose and push
elevate arterial pressure
decrease in venous return, decreased preload
compensatory increase in hr

cessation causes abrupt fall in BP
venous blood moves rapidly into venous pool
rapid increase in stroke volume, CO, and BP
compensatory bradycardia

40
Q

a decrease in pressure in the lungs _______s blood return to the heart

A

increases

41
Q

what does a PPV do to the right ventricle

A

increases afterload

42
Q

zero gravity’s effects on the kidney

A

rediced renal sympathetic drive - promotes fluid loss, weight loss, less blood volume

43
Q

Blood pressure

A

CO * TPR

44
Q

Nerves in front of and behind the hilum of the lung

A

front - phrenic

behind - vagus

45
Q

nerve responsible for innervating the bronchial smooth muscle

A

Vagus

46
Q

mech of eptifibatide

A

binds IIb/IIIa on platelets, which stops them from binding to fibrin and stops aggregation

47
Q

mech of clopidogrel

A

ADP - receptor antagonist

prevents platelet activation

48
Q

mech of statins

A

inhibits cholesterol synthesis by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase

49
Q

what drugs are on drug-eluting stents

A

paclitaxel and sirolimus

50
Q

genetics of hypercholesterolemia

what mutation usually?

A

autosomal dominant
homozygotes have severe cardiovascular disease (cholesterol 500-1000)

heterozygotes total = 310-550

LDLR (LDL receptor) gene mutated (recognizes apoB100, mediates endocytosis of cholesterol rich LDL)

AAW - CRAAB 1 (8 decks)

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