Week 5

Question 1

Amplitude =

Answer 1

loudness (db)

Question 2

Frequency =

Answer 2

pitch (Hz)

Question 3

Human hearing range =

Answer 3

20-20 000 hz

Question 4

Typical vocal range =

Answer 4

80 - 1100 hz

Question 5

The fundamental of a sound =

Answer 5

the lowest frequency component of a complex sound

Question 6

A harmonic =

Answer 6

the integer multiple of a fundamental e.g. 440 fundamental = 880 2nd, 1320 3rd e.t.c.

Question 7

What helps increase the sound amplitude and detect which direction the sound is coming from?

Answer 7

Pinna (outer ear)

Question 8

What provides protection, and increases the sound amplitude?

Answer 8

External auditory canal (second part inside the ear) (Still outer ear)

Question 9

What vibrates in response to sound waves, and moves bones inside the middle ear?

Answer 9

Eardrum (tympanic membrane)(Still outer ear)

Question 10

Name the ossicles, and their function?

Answer 10

Malleus, Incus, Stapes, Smallest bones in body, transmit vibrations (w some amplification) from the eardrum through to the chochlear via lever actions. Also provide protection from high amplitude sound (muscles attached restrict bone movement). (Middle ear)

Question 11

Name the 2 constituents of the inner ear?

Answer 11

semicircular canals, and the chochlea.

Question 12

Describe the structure and function of the chochlea:

Answer 12

contains auditory sensory receptors,stapes from middle ear is connected directly to the oval window - where vibrations are transmitted into the chochlea, is filled with watery substance that transmits vibrations from the middle ear

Question 13

Name the three canals in the inner ear?

Answer 13

vestibular, tympanic, and chochlea duct, separated by Reissner’s membrane, and Basilar membrane, on which auditory receptor cells (hair cells) are located, membranes move in response to the vibrations from the oval window

Question 14

Explain how neural auditory signals are generated.

Answer 14

When basilar membrane vibrates, the hair cells in chochlear duct are set in motion, converting the vibrations into neural signals.

Question 15

Phase =

Answer 15

Postion within cycle

Question 16

Explain how neural signals are sent via the auditory system

Answer 16

Hair cells move, potassium ions go in pores, neurotransmitters released, neural signals sent down auditory nerves.

Question 17

List the sites that nerve fibres synapse at on the way to the primary auditory cortex.

Answer 17

1. Chochlear nucleus, superior olivary nucleus, inferior colliculus, medial geniculate nucleus

Question 18

Where does the auditory signal split and go to each hemisphere?

Answer 18

Splits at chochlear nucleus and is present in both hemis in superior olivary nucleus

Question 19

List some possible ‘things’ that are happening on the ‘stops’ before the sound reaches the auditory cortex.

Answer 19

responses to the onset of sound, changes in sound intensity and frequency

Question 20

List some tasks which cannot be performed without a cortex

Answer 20

discrimination of sound pattern and duration, localising sounds,

Question 21

The peak in the ____ indicates the frequency of the sound

Answer 21

basilar membrane

Question 22

Hair cells are tuned to different frequency ranges depending on their position on the ______

Answer 22

basilar membrane (each hair cell has it’s own receptive field, similar to visual system)