Week 5 Flashcards
1
Q
Why phonology
A
- Phonology helps us understand the sound systems of particular languages
- It provides insight into how phonemes word in the context of connected speech
Meaning and intent is derived from not just what is said but also how it is said
- It provides insight into how phonemes word in the context of connected speech
2
Q
Key concepts in phonology
A
- Phonology: the study of the sound systems of a particular language. Includes the rules regarding the organization of speech sounds for that language
- Phoneme: individual speech sounds of a language
Allophone: Variations of individual speech sounds (phonemes)
- Phoneme: individual speech sounds of a language
3
Q
The phoneme
A
- The individual speech sounds of a language
- Each language has its own set of phonemes
- In Australian English there are 43-44 consonants and vowel phonemes
Change in l sound in health due to the proceeding ‘th’ sound
4
Q
Allophone
A
- Variation in the production of phonemes
- Such variations are linguistically non-significant
- Common allophones in English occur on /t/, /p/, /k/, as well as /l/, /r/, and /s/
- Variation in production: e.g. l being used as a dental rather than alveolar
- Which differences in sound are related to differences in meaning in a given language
- {h} - symbol indicates the process of aspiration- where the burst of air occurs on the release of the stop at the start of the syllables
- The corner refers to the audible release of air following stops in the final position of words
If the task of phonology to study which differences in sound are related to differences in meaning in a given language
5
Q
Returning to the IPA chart
A
- Phonetic (detailed) transcription involved the transcription of phonemes as well as allomorphs
- Whereas
- Phonemic (broad) transcription transcribes just the phonemes and ignores individual variations
Bottom section: - Represents different allophones
Contains symbols that represent different allophones: Used in a detailed or phonetic transcription
6
Q
Phonology
A
- The study of the sound systems of a particular language. Includes rules regarding the organization of speech sounds for that language
- Different languages have their own phonological systems
- This determines which speech sounds are considered separate phonemes vs those which are allophones
- Helps us understand why not all sounds are speech sounds in other languages
- Understand what’s going on explicitly
Different languages have own phonological systems
7
Q
Key concepts in phonology
A
- Phonology: the study of the second systems of a particular language. Includes the rules regarding the organization of speech sounds for that language
- Phonetics: the study of the physical characteristics of speech sounds
- Phoneme: Individual speech sounds of a language /t/
- Allophone: Variations of individual phonemes
-
8
Q
Phonotactics
A
- The rules for combining phonemes into words for a language
- Each language has its own set of rules, or own phonotactics, regarding the combination of sounds and word shaped permissible
- Every word within a language must adhere to the permitted combination of phonemes
- As such phonemes of words don’t occur in purely random sequences, but rather are restricted to the phonotactics of the language
In English, for instance, words may begin with /b/ (as in bat) and can be followed by a /r/ (as in brat) or /l/ (as in bled). However phonotactics or English would not permit a word to begin with /bn/
9
Q
Phonotactic differences
A
Each language has there only phonotactic patterns, in addition to their sets of phonemes
10
Q
Phonotactics of English
A
The phonotactic features are English are diverse due in large part to the history of the English language
11
Q
Key phonotactic features
A
- Large number of various consonant clusters - a sequence of consonants that occur together in a syllable without a vowel in between them e.g. plum, stop, bring, fringe, stripe
- Occur in initial, medial or final positions of words
- Consonant clusters typically consist of stop and voiceless fricatives, followed by an approximate or nasal
- No two labials in English
- Post-alveolar often not on consonant clusters
Only have a few sph consonant clusters which have come from the French e.g. sphere
12
Q
Phonology and connected to speech
A
- Words occur In long strings of speech
- e.g. sandwich and a couple of sandwiches: May be said different due to words being pronounced differently due to context
- e.g. we change n to m as we anticipated the following bilabial ‘w’ and this is called assimilation
- Connected speech is influenced by phonological context
- Assimilation: the process of one sound being assimilated or shaped by another sound
- Elision: The omission of sounds = next week to nex week
- Vowel weakening: A vowel sound is shortened and made more central - the schwa e.g. police>plice
- e.g. sandwich, a couple of sandwiches
- All increase the less formally and quicker a person speaks
- Relates to psycholinguistics, common in English
Explains production of words e.g. library to libry
13
Q
Psycholinguistics
A
- Psycholinguistics: communication is more vulnerable to breakdown than if its highly predictable as the others have a higher effect
e.g. how are you, there’s lots of vowel weakening, we still understand due to psycholinguistics being able to fill in the gaps
14
Q
Suprasegmentals: Stress and intonation
A
- Insult
- Suprasegmental properties: the phonological properties of syllables, including the stress and intonation patterns of syllables
- Supra: above/over
- Segmental: segments of sounds e.g. syllables
15
Q
Syllables
A
- A unit of sound with a vowel as its nucleus
- In all languages, word are made of syllables
- Word may be monosyllabic- made of just one syllable (work, learn, cat, run)
- Or words can be multisyllabic - made of two or more syllables (archery, hammock, booking, highlighter)
- Onset: Consonants that precedes vowels
- Coda: Consonants that follow vowels
- Often y can act as a vowel
The place differs where we break up the word
16
Q
Syllable structure
A
- Languages have particular permissible syllable structures
- We represent the syllable structure of a word with symbols: V C
- V= vowel
C= Consonant
17
Q
Stress
A
- Stress: the emphasis of particular syllables within multisyllabic words
- Each language has its own stress patterns, which effects the sound of the words in that language
- Stress is achieved through the presence of strong and weak syllables
- Strong stressed syllables: Are the more prominent syllable within a word e.g. insult vs insult
- Weak stressed syllables: Are those of secondary stress
- Stress difference can distinguish pairs of words otherwise identical - record/ record; subject/subject
- Stress is achieved through higher pitch, increased loudness as well as stretched pronunciation
- In Spanish: often second to last words are stressed
- Phonology: Overlays speech sounds and phonetics with phonology/stress and can be misunderstood
Concepts relating to stress/phonology caused mis-understanding
18
Q
Intonation
A
- Intonation: the rising and failing of the voice when speaking
- Refers to the utterance/sentence level phonological characteristics
- Different languages have their own intonation patterns e.g. Irish English speakers use high levels of intonation; Australian English speakers tend to use rising intonation
- Tone languages: Half the worlds languages e.g. Mandarin
- Tone: Stress and intonation are important
- Australians often use rising intonations: where the voice rises at the beginning
- Different languages have different intonation patterns
- Can be recorded in IPA chart: used more in research than practice
19
Q
Transcribing intonation: Coding
A
- Capitalization (emphasis)
- Falling slash\ (falling intonation)
- Rising slash / (rising intonation)
- e.g. \ MORRIS always listens
- Morris \ ALWAYS listens
20
Q
Morphophonemics
A
- Refers to the phonological rules related to the morphological context
Or in other words, it refers to the effect of morphemes (mainly affixes) on the pronunciation of words
