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HNN Block > Week 5 > Flashcards

Week 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four domains of attention?

A
  • Arousal
  • Vigilance
  • Divided attention
  • selective attention
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2
Q

What does the 4-AT test do?

A

It assesses:
- Alertness
- Attention
- Acute change
- Abbreviated mental test

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3
Q

What are the four steps in learning?

A
  • Registration
  • Encoding
  • Retrieval
  • Consolidation
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4
Q

Define short term memory

A

The hold of information temporarily

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5
Q

Define working memory

A

The active maintanence and manipulation of short term memory which strengthens synapses and leads to long term memory

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6
Q

What are the 2 types of long term memory?

A

Implicit memory (procedural)

Explicit memory (declarative)

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7
Q

What are the types of explicit memory?

A

Episodic
- memories of personal events and experiences

Sematic
- Hard facts

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8
Q

What is the significance of the amygdala in memory?

A

The amygdala is involved in emotions, and memories associated with strong emotions are recalled better

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9
Q

What regions of the brain are involved in episodic memory?

A

The extended limbic system
- Diencephalon
- medial temporal lobe

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10
Q

what can be the result of impairment of our language centres?

A
  • Apashia/dysphasia (speech)
  • Anomia (naming)
  • Agraphia (writting)
  • Alexia (reading)
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11
Q

How is language tested?

A

Show a patient a picture and ask them to describe it

There is also a language specific section of the ACE-III

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12
Q

What are the domains of behaviour?

A
  • Executive functions?
  • Social cognition
  • Motivation
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13
Q

What aspects make up executive functions?

A
  • Sequencing
  • Organisation
  • Abstraction
  • Planning
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14
Q

What aspects make up social cognition?

A
  • Social interactions
  • Behaviour
  • Insight
  • Ambition
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15
Q

which parts of the prefrontal cortex control which aspects of behaviour?

A

Dorsolateral
- Executive functions

Orbitofrontal
- Social cognition

Ventromedial
- Motivation

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16
Q

Describe Tauopathies

A

Tau is a protein involved with microtubule structure in axons

If tau is hyperphosphorylated it can form tangles

17
Q

What can cause tauopathies?

A

Age, Genetics, repeated head injuries

18
Q

What is the pathology of alzheimers?

A

beta-amyloid plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles composed of tau accumulate. This causes neural loss and brain atrophy

19
Q

What is the clinical presentation of alzheimers

A
  • Progressive memory loss
  • Loss of social/occupational functioning
  • Executive dysfunctions
  • Personality changes
20
Q

What is the pathology of frontotemporal dementia

A

Intra-neuronal and glial tau deposition

21
Q

What is the clinical presentation of frontotemporal dementia?

A
  • Behavioural changes
  • Language and memory difficulties
  • Parkinsonism in 50% of cases
22
Q

What is the pathology of progressive supranuclear palsy?

A

Intraneuronal and glial cell tau deposition within the basal ganglia, brainstem, and cortex

23
Q

What is the clinical presentation of progressive supranuclear palsy?

A
  • Parkinsonism
  • Dementia
  • Postural instability (falls)
24
Q

Explain Alpha-synucleinopathies

A

Alpha-synuclein is a protein involved in DNA repair.

Misfolded alpha-synuclein form Lewy bodies which accumulate in cytoplasm and lead to cell death

25
Q

What is the pathology of Parkinson’s disease?

A

Lewy body pathology starts in the gut and ascends to the brainstem and substantia nigra

26
Q

What is the clinical presentation of Parkinson’s disease?

A

Motor
- Rigidity
- tremor
- bradykinesia

Non-motor
- Mood disturbance
- Sleep disorder

27
Q

Pathology of dementia with Lewy bodies?

A

Lewy bodies deposit in the brainstem and cortex

28
Q

Clinical presentation of dementia with Lewy bodies

A
  • Parkinsonism
  • Progressive cognitive difficulties
  • visual hallucinations
  • Fluctuation in cognition
  • sensitivity to antipsychotics
29
Q

Pathology of multiple systems atrophy?

A

Lewy body deposition in oligodendrocytes within the brainstem, striatum and cerebellum

30
Q

Clinical features of Multiple systems atrophy?

A
  • Parkinsonism
  • Cerebllar/autonomic features (postural hypotension, genitourinary dysfunction, etc)
31
Q

Pathology of Creutzfeldt Jakob disease?

A

Prions leading to
- Spongiform vaculation in grey matter
- Neuronal loss
- Reactive proliferation of astrocytes and microglia

32
Q

Clinical presentation of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease?

A
  • Rapid onset dementia
  • Behavioural change
  • Visual disturbance
  • myoclonic jerks
  • Ataxia
33
Q

Pathology of Motor neuron disease?

A

Pathological TDP-43 (protein involved with dna repair, transcription repression, rna metabolism) leads to neuronal inclusion bodies

34
Q

What are the intrinsic muscles of the tongue and what do they do?

A
  • Longitudinal
  • Transverse
  • Vertical

They change the shape of the tongue

35
Q

Describe the innervation of the tongue

A

Anterior 2/3rds supplied by lingual nerve => chorda tympani => Facial nerve

Posterior 1/3rd supplied by glossopharyngeal nerve

36
Q

Where do the glossopharyngeal nerve and facial nerve insert into the brainstem?

A

Solitary tract nucleus

37
Q

What is the taste centre for the brain?

A

Gustatory cortex

38
Q

What is the structure in the eye responisble for detailed central vision?

A

The Macula

39
Q
A

HNN Block (5 decks)

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